The paper presents issues concerning oceanic games. The theorems, which have been discussed, make it possible to apply Shapley-Shubik index to games with infinite number of players. Social interpretations of the presentedmodel have also been shown. Determinants of bandwagon effect observed in social reality have been described in detail. Results of applying oceanic gamesmodel to the analysis of last pre-election competition between Barack Obamaand Hillary Clinton have been presented.

Unrealistic optimism is a tendency of people to see their own chances to be above average for positive events and below average for negative events. These effects are often regarded as products of motivated reasoning. Recently however the nonmotivated accounts of comparative biases are more popular. The present paper discusses the existing cognitive explanations of the mechanisms underlying the biases in the comparative judgments. First, the authoress briefly reviews motivational accounts of comparative biases. Then there are presented the most popular nonmotivated accounts: egocentrism, focalism and LOGE approach. Finally, the article discusses an alternative explanation of biased comparative judgments that stems from the feature matching model of Tversky (1977).

While making investment decisions, investors use different reference points that change their values dynamically. In this paper we investigate the impact of the deviation of the portfolio value from different reference points on the investment activity of participants of the investment game, as measured by the turnover volume during the day. We consider the following reference points: (1) the portfolio value before the previous transaction, (2) the initial portfolio value (3) the highest portfolio value and (4) the lowest portfolio value noticed during the time of the game, (5) the best result and (6) the worst result in the game during the transaction day, and (7) the value of the Warsaw Stock Exchange Index (WIG20). The strongest effects on the investment decisions appear to be the highest and the lowest portfolio value noticed during the time of participation in the game.