This paper describes the range of project scheduling problems in multi-criterial background. The need of formulation of time planning issues according to multiple criteria was justified in the first chapter. Then, different approaches of defining such problems were indicated and methods for solving were proposed. The particular attention was focused on goal programming and interactive approaches. Proposed models were illustrated with numerical examples.

Research in the field of vehicle routing problem started in 1959. For more then 50 years a lot of versions of this problem have been considered and many solution methods have been developed. Unfortunately new management concepts continuously put out the challenge to vehicle routing researchers. Presented paper is divided into two parts. In the first part the classical vehiclerouting formulations and their solution methods were presented. In the second part the three main directions of advance are identified and briefly described. The new solution approaches to finding solution to the new variants of vehicle routing problem are proposed and tested. Firstly we conduct new solution methods to inventory routing problem. Then the common case of the vehicle routing problem in different distribution tariff environment is analyzed. Lastly the vehicle routing problem in multiechelon distribution networks is considered.

The study discussed here is aimed at determining how reference points, such as status quo and targets, affect salience of different aspects of a situation in evaluation of its riskiness. Examples of such aspects are probabilities and amounts of loss and win. The upcoming election to the Polish Parliament was used to investigate this issue. In Experiment 1, 67 participants – students of psychology and young adults graduated in computer sciences – evaluated risk related to the upcoming parliamentary election for six political parties represented in the Parliament. Since these six parties had different status quos and political targets, one might expect that the relative input of negative (e.g. the probability to loose seats) and positive (e.g. the probability to win the absolute majority) aspects of the situation to risk judgment would differ between parties. Experiment 2 was a repetition of Experiment 1 in a different time and with respondents, who were young people politically involved. In both experiments, no relation was found between the expected change in seats' number and riskiness. In Experiment 2, there was a salient relation between perceived risk and the probability to lose a parliamentary representation. However, in Exp. 1 such relation was significant only for the parties, which were endangered by such possibility. For the other parties perceived risk was related to their political targets, i.e. the probability to win the absolute majority or to form a governmental coalition.