Zgodnie z art. 86 u.i.o.ś.3 decyzja o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach wiąże m. in. organy wydające decyzje określające warunki korzystania ze środowiska w zakresie, w jakim ma być uwzględniona przy wydawaniu tych decyzji. Celem niniejszych rozważań jest wykazanie wątpliwości interpretacyjnych dotyczących np. tożsamości przedsięwzięcia w kontekście definicji legalnej instalacji, co wpływa na związanie organu decyzją o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach, gdy raport o oddziaływaniu przedsięwzięcia na środowisko i wniosek o pozwolenie zintegrowane są treściowo spójne, ale treść decyzji o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach takiej już spójności nie zachowuje. Zagadnieniem poddanym rozważaniom była również zasadność bezrefleksyjnego obciążenia za taki stan rzeczy podmiotów administrowanych.

Ochronę konsumentów gwarantuje konstytucja Republiki Kosowa, ustawy i akty podstawowe. Opracowując ustawodawstwo dotyczące ochrony konsumentów Republika Kosowa przywiązywała wielką wagę do zbliżenia i harmonizacji ustawodawstwa Kosowa z prawodawstwem UE. Jednakże w tym artykule zwróciliśmy uwagę na pewne aspekty prawne, nad którymi należy jeszcze popracować, aby obecna ustawa o ochronie konsumentów została dostosowana i zharmonizowana z przepisami prawa UE. W artykule omówiono podstawowe prawa konsumenta ze szczególnym naciskiem na ich niedostatki

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ustalenie celów prawa finansów publicznych, które jest częścią prawa finansowego. Problemem badawczym jest odpowiedź na pytanie, czy ustalenia w zakresie celów danej gałęzi prawa mogą być przydatne w rozwija­niu aksjologii szczegółowej danej gałęzi prawa. W artykule dokonano pozytywnej weryfikacji hipotezy, zgodnie z którą cele prawa finansów publicznych są ściśle powiązane z ochroną wartości publicznych. Stąd za szczególnie celowe uznano stosowanie aksjologicznej analizy prawa do badania aksjologicznych zagadnień polityki finansowej, pełniącej służebną funkcję w stosunku do polityki gospodar­czej i społecznej.

Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej sytuuje obowiązki spoczywające na organach władzy publicznej w granicach, w jakich mogą one przetwarzać dane osobowe, co jest niewątpliwym wzmocnieniem praw jednostki. Konstytucyjne ograniczenie zostało wyznaczone zarówno przez zasadę legalizmu, jak i zasadę demokratycz­nego państwa prawnego. Ustalenie administratora danych osobowych, a także inspektora ochrony danych osobowych w związku z postępowaniem trybunalskim, staje się istotne z punktu podmiotu, którego to dane są przetwarzane. Określenie Trybunału Stanu jako administratora danych osobowych nowelą ustawy o Trybuna­ le Stanu prowadzi do przypisania temu organowi licznych obowiązków wynikają­cych z rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2016/679 z 27.04.2016 r. w sprawie ochrony osób fizycznych w związku z przetwarzaniem danych osobo­wych i w sprawie swobodnego przepływu takich danych oraz uchylenia dyrektywy 95/46/WE.
Działając jako organ upoważniony do przetwarzania danych osobowych, Sąd odpowiada także za zgodność ich przetwarzania z prawem. Trybunał Stanu jest gwarantem realizacji praw i wolności jednostek, których to dane są przetwarzane w ramach prowadzonych przez niego działań.

The issue of online sexual exploitation of children is a growing concern worldwide, and there is a pressing need to strengthen legal protection measures for children. International laws and conventions have been established to protect children from online sexual exploitation, but the enforcement of these laws faces several challen-ges, such as the difficulty of identifying perpetrators and the lack of resources and expertise in law enforcement agencies. Additionally, cultural and social norms may discourage children from reporting incidents of online sexual exploitation. However, there are prospects for improving legal protection measures, such as through increased international cooperation and coordination, awareness-raising campaigns, and capacity-building for law enforcement agencies. Overall, address-ing the issue of online sexual exploitation of children requires a multifaceted approach involving legal, social, and technological measures.

The paper discusses the issue of cryopreservation of human embryos from the perspective of Polish criminal law. It aims in particular to reconstruct the limits of criminal responsibility for the failure of obligatory cryopreservation of embryos not transferred into the woman’s body as well as for performing such intervention or keeping embryos in a frozen state without legal grounds or against medical standards. The criminal responsibility for the enumerated actions and omissions has two fundamental grounds. The first one is the Article 78 of the Act of 25 June 2015 on Infertility Treatment penalising i.a. the violation of legal conditions for cryopreservation, whereas the second one includes offences against life and health underthe Article 83 of the ITA and the Article 157a para. 1 of the Criminal Code. The detailed scope of criminalisation in the area of cryopreservation of human embryos is, however, difficult to delineate and even quite random due to the serious shortcomings in the legislative technique.

The issue of constitutional protection of natural resources does not arouse the interest of lawyers, including constitutionalists, in Poland. In none of the drafts of the new Constitution of the Republic of Poland presented after 1989 was this issue regulated. After the new Constitution of the Republic of Poland came into force in 1997, no draft amendment to this act dealing with natural resources was submitted either. The constitutional surveys conducted in 2011 and 2017 did not explicitly call for a complete or even very extensive amendment of the Constitution. Most often, they indicated the need for punctual amendments or concerning certain areas of constitutional regulation. In light of the experience with forest management, it would be advisable to extend constitutional protection to all strategic natural resources.

The resolution of the municipal council on establishing the rules and conditions of situating the objects of street furniture, advertising boards and devices, gates, their dimensions, quality standards and kinds of materials, which they can be made of (it is called thelandscape resolution’ and also the ‘advertising resolution’ in literature), is a legal tool that serves landscape protection. However justified and necessary it is, the legal definition of terms that are basic for its content is accompanied by certain structural doubts that translate into the practice of applying law. In this article, the authors identify those flaws of the applicable regulation and make suggestions of their own legal solutions, especially introducing the legal definition of the term ‘advertising medium’ (replacing the current ‘advertising board’ and ‘advertising device’), as well as the definitions of individual types of media, to the legal order. The dogmatic and legal analysis is concluded with a draft of the appropriate legal provision.

The purpose of the article is analyse how essential the issue of personal data protection is in the procedure of leading a collective dispute. In order to make some findings in this matter, the dogmatic and legal method was primarily used and the provisions of the Act on Resolving Collective Disputes and the GDPR were analysed in the first place. The findings made lead to the conclusion that despite the fact that the dispute itself is collective, both parties (both the trade union and the employer) process a range of personal data during the dispute. Due to the specifics of the procedure and the fact that the Act was essentially created before the GDPR came into force and it was not amended for the inclusion of broadly understood requirements for the correctness of the processing of personal data, it is necessary to rely on general principles resulting from the GDPR, and a certain indicator of it may be opinions issued by the PDPO.
The issue raised in this paper has so far been included in certain statements from the doctrine, but its practical significance and importance for social partners who execute their constitutional right to lead collective disputes fully justify further research in this direction as well as the fact of findings resulting from that research reaching various target groups (apart from the above-mentioned social partners, representatives of the judicature and science should also be reached).

The necessity of providing healthcare to citizens is one of the basic principles of every state, regulated by provisions of national, EU or international law and comple-mented by soft law. Civilisational changes and technological advancement make it possible to develop new healthcare tools and services (i.a. telemonitoring, telecon-sulting, telerehabilitation and electronic medical documentation). The COVID-19 pandemic greatly emphasised the need to provide such services. The wide use of e-health, however, which may be a remedy for numerous problems that the health-care sector is wrestling with, requires securing the rights of those who are not digitally included, especially the elderly. The prevalence of various degrees of digital exclusion, not only among the elderly, makes these issues socially significant and they should be solved by law. The purpose of the article is an initial analysis of the validity of developing e-health services in the ageing society in Poland and a presentation of proposals for adjusting legal solutions as regards the use of digital tools in healthcare to the changing reality.

The consequence of establishing a health resort is the special rigour of protecting the territory covered by it. The rigour consists i.a. in a ban on mining mineral resources other than natural medical resources, engaging in land development or other works that influence water relations as well as engaging in activities that have a negative influence on the physiography of the health resort. The facts of the case lead to a conclusion that it also does not concern the inside of the earth’s crust ‘under’ the health resort. The dispute as the subject of the judgement voted on concern mining hard coal from a deposit lying several hundred metres below the surface of the resort. The company has had a concession for mining it for years, while it applied for a confirmation of an annex to the plan for moving the mining establishment engaging in such activity. According to the Supreme Administrative Court, the opinion of the municipal executive authority, in whose opinion the change that the company applied for would violate the purpose of the property defined by the health resort status, was lawful. However, many arguments speak for the incorrectness of the assessment.

In case of conventional vehicles, no or very little data was generated. The widespread use of autonomous vehicles, which have a large number of sensors and camera systems in addition to memory modules and carry out permanent data exchange, has the potential to reveal not only the entire living conditions of the passengers, but also those of pedestrians, and others. The increasing networking of vehicles increases efficiency and mobility. On the one hand, this networking is entirely voluntary, but it can also be mandatory, as in the case of the eCall emergency call system. Regulation (EU) 2015/758 made it mandatory for car-manufacturers from March 31, 2018 to equip their vehicles with automatic emergency call system, which in the event of an accident automatically transmits the position and other relevant data to the rescue services. Can this possibility of ubiquitous surveillance may create legal problems.? This increasing role of data requires special attention against the background of data protection based on fundamental rights and privacy.

The article deals with the essence of the object of crime protection, as well as its genesis and conditions as exemplified by crimes against the honour of deceased people in selected countries. It has been hypothesised that factors such as religion, political system, historical and cultural conditions, geographical location, social system (social development) and the wealth of society influence the definition of the subject of the investigated crimes. The purpose of the work is also to indicate how the legislator creates a good legally protected in the event of a crime. On the one hand, these considerations have a purely linguistic and logical basis, i.e. an attempt is made to answer the question why we create names in relation to abstract objects, i.e. not having a real designation. The research hypothesis is that the object of protection remains only a linguistic entity created to justify the punishment of certain behaviours (and other needs), while it is possible to name the same value or phenomenon in different ways.

The paper focuses on the issue of public enforcement of consumer law in Poland. This analysis considers exclusively the stage of administrative proceedings and it does not concern judicial control over the decisions issued. The analysis aims at answering the question whether the phenomenon of legal impossibilism is to be observed in the domain administrative proceedings instituted by the President of the UOKiK with the purpose of implementing consumer policy. The hypotheses to be verified in the foregoing are as follows: (i) there are procedural mechanisms which enable an authority to effectuate protection of consumer rights, operating to the public benefit, and that (ii) it might be reasonable to expect that these mechanisms are exploited in practice by the President of the UOKiK. The first part considers the legal framework for enforcing consumer rights with the use of public law mechanisms in Poland. In the second part, the discussion revolves around the
practical application of the legal instruments by the President of the UOKiK. The
conclusions constitute a starting point to initiate further, in-depth empirical studies
related to the activities undertaken by the President of the UOKiK with the aim
to effectuate protection of consumer rights in Poland.

On the basis of the author’s own maps of the Warsaw-Śródmieście district and comparing private and public institutions, the author explains how the cooperation in the area of protection provided by the government and private security companies is fulfilled. In the article, the researcher tries to verify whether the private security companies divide their action territory between themselves. What is the selection reason of the security company? How important are the historic monuments and how are they protected? The attitude towards the private security companies and the reasons behind the selection of the company are analysed. Who can we ask for help in a critical situation?