Recently, online platforms, such as Uber, Bolt, Free now, have revolutionised the transport services market. They broke the existing linear structure between driver and passenger becoming the third element on the way to enter into a contrach, sometimes in a far-reaching way interfering with the content of the legal act, the way the parties communicate or the amount of information they obtain about each other.
This article examines the legal status of online platforms within the framework of a triangular model of legal relations on the example of platforms involved in the conclusion of transport contracts. In particular, an attempt was made to answer the question whether it is possibile to assign to the operator of the online platform liability for non-performance or improper performance of an obligation which arised with the participation of the platform, and if so, under what conditions and circumstances may result in exemption from such liability. The resolution of this issue is crucial to the effectiveness of the redress and the exercise of rights by the contracting parties.
In order to find a solution to these problems, the author has analysed national and EU legal acts, judicature (e.g. the judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 20 December 2017 in case C-434/15) and regulations of leading online platforms associating drivers and passengers.

The subject matter of this article is a discussion of an error as a defect in declaration of intent and its impact. For this reason, the Author will examine concepts specified in the article 84 of Polish Civil Code and present their essence. Further, the Author enumerate conditions of an error and discuss them. For this reason it will be compere the legal terms - „legal act” and „declaration of intent”. In order to discuss this matter it is necessary to explain the difference between error – in narrow meaning – and mistake. The article discuss creating competencies which enables evading defective declaration of intent made under an error, i.e. defective declaration meeting conditions which do not render invalidity of contract ex lege. For this it is necessary to act erransa. In article it will be also indicated which are the differences of opinion in the scope of evaluation of materiality of errors, i.e. subjective and objective. Considerations shall refer to the interpretation provisions of declaration of intent. At the end it shall be made the reference to error as to the motivational sphere – in particular error as to the motives. Aforementioned conditions will be discussed and compared in doctrine and jurisdiction. The article will finish with de lege ferenda conclusions.

The Gambling Act of 19 November 2009 envisages administrative sanctions for entities operating in the field of gambling organized without a concession and for their participants. According to to the Act, a financial penalty may apply to persons acting as managers of slot machine games outside a casino.
The aforementioned Act does not however define the term of the manager of a slot machine game and yet the legislator uses this term i.a. in the provisions regarding the rules of liability. There are therefore many doubts on which entities a fine may be imposed, in particular taking into account the heterogeneous case-law and different interpretations of customs and tax supervisory authorities.
By means of a formal and dogmatic analysis of law, the author presents the most frequently criteria for recognizing a particular entity as manager of games of slot machines outside the casino to determine what entity the administrative and criminal penalty may be imposed on. In the opinion of the author, the issues raised in this paper are very important. She claims that the issues of responsibility shall be clear, understandable and do not lead to extension of t sanctions resulting from the provisions to entities not involved in gambling activities.

The article is devoted to the topic of protecting the rights of a foreign employee who works illegally in Poland. The thesis of the article is the ineffectiveness of current legal instruments. A foreigner is often forced to take up illegal employment, which is why it is necessary to examine the conditions and causes of this phenomenon. It seems that the underestimation of the significance of this phenomenon by state authorities and the lack of an adequate response by the legislator have a key impact on this.
To examine this issue, a survey was conducted on 50 randomly selected people, foreigners who have ever worked or are currently working illegally in Poland. On the basis of its results, the article presents the main reasons why foreigners take up illegal work, including cases of coercion, their exploitation and fraud, as well as what are the conditions of their work, namely, whether they comply with employee rights and human rights.
The analysis of the phenomenon gives grounds to believe that there is a need to strengthen the system of checking the legality of employment of foreigners. It is also necessary to consider whether Polish law should provide, as at present, fairly mild penalties for both the foreigner and the entity entrusting illegal performance of work.

Over the past several years, social entrepreneurship has been recognized as one of the most powerful tools to achieve sustainable development. Since this relationship is relatively new in the literature, there is a need for deeper examination of its many dimensions. This paper aims at analysis of the current state of the phenomenon that is social entrepreneurship for sustainable innovations in terms of innovations, drivers, and measurement of its social impact. The research has been performed with a case study approach on one company, Fairphone, and resulted in demonstrating the existence of a positive relationship between a social enterprise creating sustainable innovations and achieving both a social and environmental impact. Moreover, the research allowed categorization of sustainable innovations that exist in the company, with reference to existing literature, creation an appropriate set of drivers influencing its actions (with new findings in terms of both internal and external drivers), and broad analysis of the social impact along with its measurement.

The dividend policy is one of the most important issues for the company’s management. Nowadays banks play a key role in the development of the country, its GDP growth and citizens’ wellbeing. The paying of dividends to the owners is directly connected with the strategy and further bank’s development, so it is important to understand the determinants of dividend payout ratio. The main goal of this research is to examine the factors influencing payment of cash dividends by banks in Poland. The database of the study consists the financial data for the period of 5 years (from 2014 to 2018) for 15 banks listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The researcher used the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model to explore the determinants of dividend payout ratio. The six regression models were considered. Profitability, size, leverage are negatively related with the dividend payout ratio. The liquidity, volume of previously paid dividends, cash flow and corporate tax are unimportant from the perspective of dividend policy by Polish banks.

The present study inquires into associative links between Labor Unionization, Salary Gap and Productivity. It was used an unbalanced dataset of the most capitalized companies for the research to be made. One of the main purpose of trade unions creation is to lower the salary gap within the business entity. As well as provide security and stability for workers. We explained this aspect not only through empirical analysis but also relying on the review of psychological literature about the needs of workers and people in general. Our empirical analysis demonstrates the higher the trade union representation, the lower the salary gap. Such findings may be explained by ‘tournament theory’. As it seems to be suitable to explain the phenomena for steep-hierarchy firms, which constitute the research sample. Finally, the employee productivity seems to be negatively associated with the trade union representation. A further inquiry into this problem seems warranted.