In the paper, we deal with the issue of education of lawyers in doctoral schools in
Poland. We describe the basic solutions adopted by the Constitution for Science regarding doctoral students. Based on socio-legal theory of the neutralisation of values in the law, we point out a few basic the categories of problems resulting from the regulations and the implementation of the act. They are: a vision of a doctoral candidate, a vision of a graduate, internationalization, interdisciplinarity, structure of doctoral schools and financing of doctoral education. The article is exploratory in nature, so its primary purpose is recognising and drawing attention to the problems and research questions that should be studied in further research.

The following article provides an introduction to the issues of legal and political organization of the Roman provinces in the area of conquered territory in the time of the Roman Empire (I-III A.D). It outlines the administrative division of the empire, the relationship between them and Rome. An efficiency and well-organized management of the huge land using structured magistrate, allowed the Romans to create a world Empire which prevailed over a thousand square kilometers. The most important tasks of princeps was to ensure external and internal security of the Empire by structured and efficiency administration, as well as a guarantee of the proper/ correct jurisdiction. Not without significance was the tax collection which enriched the imperial treasury and testified to the power of the ruler. The Roman state was based on provinces, colonies and municipalities, where the last one were the primary form of local autonomy. The organization of official structure was largely modeled on the system of the Republican Rome, while respecting local traditions at the same time. Although their dependence, the residents still had full decision-making in their own affairs.

Modern education has to play a role that involves teaching everyone core competencies (knowledge, skills, attitude) to enable them to adapt to the changing world. This act of teaching needs to take place at every stage of education – not just academic. One of the most important – and most dynamically changing – spheres of social life is law. The article discusses issues related to non-lawyers acquiring the content of law from different sources, especially from the texts of legislative acts. This also includes a proposal of incorporating teaching about the language of law into the core curriculum of post-primary education institutions as an element of lifelong learning, acting as a component of the European education area.

The purpose of this article is to discuss selected problems related to conducting evidentiary hearings in civil proceedings, with a special emphasis on the essence of a motion for evidence and on the option to file it. The performed analysis covered both primary and secondary legislation concerning the formal matters related to filing motions for evidence, the possibilities of admitting evidence, the procedure of taking evidence, and the deliberations on the outcome of the evidentiary hearings. The regulations as they are in force at present offer no possibility to present evidence at the discretion of the parties and participants of the proceedings. It is therefore very important to use the evidence in accordance with the legislator’s suggestions so as not to be deprived of the chance to receive a favourable court decision only because the court finds the motion for evidence as having been filed too late.