Mimo istotnego zapotrzebowania społecznego oraz zapotrzebowania samego systemu wymiaru sprawiedliwości na alternatywne dla procesu sądowego sposoby postępowania z konfliktem, mediacja w Polsce rozwija się bardzo powoli. W celu ustalenia przyczyn takiego stanu rzeczy przeprowadzono badania opinii mediatorów na temat istniejących przeszkód dla rozwoju mediacji w Polsce. Badania przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem kwestionariusza internetowego. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły stworzyć mapę problemów ograniczających rozwój mediacji w Polsce, na którą składa się 7 elementów problematycznych, dotyczących: sędziów, prawni­ków, mediatorów, stron konfliktu, społeczeństwa, pieniędzy oraz pozostałych czynników. Dokonana przez respondentów ocena istotności pozwoliła stwierdzić, że zdecydowana większość zidentyfikowanych przeszkód ma charakter krytyczny. W rezultacie przeprowadzonych badań wyłonił się kompleksowy obraz szeregu czynników, które łącznie wymagają odpowiedniego zaadresowania, a bez eliminacji którejkolwiek z krytycznych przeszkód mediacja w Polsce się nie rozwinie.

The war in Ukraine, the pandemic, and political and economic crises have given rise to the spread of digital violence on the internet. Fake news, disinformation, hate speech, and propaganda in the digital sphere can easily spread, manipulate human consciousness, and encourage illegal behaviour. The progressive advancement of modern technologies has necessitated the development of a common regulatory framework and standards for online interaction and decisive counteraction to illegal online content. Another issue that needs to be examined is the obligation of private social media providers to balance human rights and fundamental freedoms against each other. Whether such additional means of combating online hate and incitement are effective should be a subject of thorough studies. Special attention should be also given to a study into which human rights standards are breached through digital violation and which standards of fundamental rights are infringed on as a result of digital violation.

W wyroku z 14 grudnia 2022 r., II SA/Gl 1201/22, Wojewódzki Sąd Administracyjny w Gliwicach stwierdził, że ogólne zasady wykładni prawa, w przypadku braku definicji legalnej, nakazują sięgnięcie do językowego znaczenia określonego pojęcia, w tym także do definicji zawartej w Wikipedii. Zdaniem Sądu należy mieć jednak świadomość, że Wikipedia nie jest słownikiem ani encyklopedią tworzoną przez specjalistów, wedle określonych reguł, może zatem zawierać nieścisłości lub przekłamania. Centralnym problemem prawnym glosowanego wyroku jest zakres wykorzystania Wikipedii w operatywnej wykładni prawa. Sformułowana teza orzecznicza dotyka interesującego zagadnienia ogólnej użyteczności Wikipedii jako źródła wiedzy, przede wszystkim oceny dopuszczalności jej stosowania w konstruowaniu wypowiedzi wartościujących oraz argumentacyjnych. Wedle glosatora prezentowany pogląd zasługuje na pełną aprobatę, gdyż dostrzegając zalety Wikipedii,
skład orzekający postuluje ostrożne podejście do zawartych w niej informacji. W niniejszym opracowaniu starano się wzmocnić to stanowisko, argumentując, że korzystanie z internetowej encyklopedii niesie za sobą potencjalnie duże ryzyko i dlatego też powoływanie się na nią w treści rozstrzygnięcia sądowego nie może odbywać się w sposób bezrefleksyjny.

A negative phenomenon in the form of cybercrime has become a society-wide problem addressed not only by national legislators, but also by the structures of the member states of the EU integration group, the member states of the interna-tional organization of European states of the Council of Europe, as well as the mem-ber states of the almost global United Nations. The authors decided work on this paper as in the event of cybercrime it is an extremely serious and actual topic both at the national and European and international level, which must be adequately addressed.

This article examines the jurisdictional status of the internet. Because of the underly-ing nature of technology, nations cannot effectively monitor online transactions that originate or conclude within their borders. Governments can seek to enforce their laws within the constraints of their physical, geographical, and political domains as defined by an atlas, but a borderless cyberworld regulated by fast--expanding technology has a variety of challenges. This study sheds light on those challenges, the jurisdiction for parties to suit, the remedies accessible to them, and the territorial concerns discussed in various domestic courts. It also focuses on the pressures on stakeholders to act, as well as the economic, human rights, and techno-logical infrastructure implications of jurisdictional concerns. In general, jurisdictional issues on the internet have resulted in haphazard and unrestricted jurisdictional implementations, and this article emphasizes the territorial difficulties of internet administration and its direct influence on many nations and elements.

The issue of online sexual exploitation of children is a growing concern worldwide, and there is a pressing need to strengthen legal protection measures for children. International laws and conventions have been established to protect children from online sexual exploitation, but the enforcement of these laws faces several challen-ges, such as the difficulty of identifying perpetrators and the lack of resources and expertise in law enforcement agencies. Additionally, cultural and social norms may discourage children from reporting incidents of online sexual exploitation. However, there are prospects for improving legal protection measures, such as through increased international cooperation and coordination, awareness-raising campaigns, and capacity-building for law enforcement agencies. Overall, address-ing the issue of online sexual exploitation of children requires a multifaceted approach involving legal, social, and technological measures.

The pandemic has changed the way society functions, affecting the system of justice as well. The need to maintain social distance has accelerated changes in the judi-ciary. Remote hearings have emerged. The article attempts to answer the question of whether the e-hearings currently taking place are held in accordance with the principle of equality in view of the phenomenon of digital exclusion occurring in Polish society. An empirical study of remote hearings conducted by a student research group and the author’s own experience in this field make up the empiri­cal resources documenting the technical issues that occur during remote hearings and problems related to digital exclusion.

Pandemia spowodowała zmiany w funkcjonowaniu społeczeństwa, nie omijając też wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Potrzeba zachowania dystansu społecznego przy-spieszyła zmiany w sądownictwie. Wprowadzono rozprawy zdalne. W artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy wobec występującego w społeczeństwie polskim zjawiska wykluczenia cyfrowego prowadzone obecnie e-rozprawy odbywają się w zgodzie z zasadą równości. Przeprowadzone przez studencką grupę badawczą badania empiryczne rozpraw zdalnych i własne doświadczenia autorki w tym zakresie składają się na materiał empiryczny wskazujący na występujące podczas rozpraw zdalnych problemy techniczne i te związane z wykluczeniem cyfrowym.

Protection of children against sexual exploitation, particularly against exploitation in cyberspace, constitutes one of the most burning issues of the modern world. The Internet is frequently used as the beginning of the road to sexually exploiting a child, and as way of earning the child’s trust and gaining physical access to them. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic and isolation resulting from it brought with them substantial threats, also in this area, whose effects will be long-term. What was observed during the pandemic was not only an increase in online traffic related to the distribution of child pornography, but also a definite increase in behaviours that may be classified as grooming. It is sometimes considered that grooming is the basic method leading to child sexual exploitation, or even its immanent feature. Relatedly, what becomes an important issue is an analysis of legal regulations that concern grooming in cyberspace, and an attempt to answer the question whether the scope and level of protection provided to children by Polish criminal law are sufficient.

The purpose of the article is to study the sources and analyse the effects of one way of manipulating information on law in the media, i.e. the phenomenon of bullshitting’ (saying nonsense, sharing pseudo-information) on law and its work. A linguistic statement that involves ‘bullshitting’ is an eristic technique in written or oral communication, expressed by the sender in a specific environment with the purpose of convincing the addressee (audience) that things are so and so and making an impression of being professional and masking the fact that the sender does not care what the truth is. The ‘bullshitter’ does not make attempts to make their input into the conversation factual; they say anything, without any conviction of the truth; they say what they do not have sufficient grounds to claim. This phenomenon is an important factor that makes building the prestige of law (also in Poland) more difficult. Without taking care of the organisation of professional communication about law from professionals to citizens, manipulating information on law will cause permanent damage to legal awareness. The author compares this eristic technique with statements with include lies, provides examples of ‘bullshitting’ on law by politicians and journalists, and deals with the circumstances and effects of the phenomenon.

The purpose of the article is to study the sources and analyse the effects of one way of manipulating information on law in the media, i.e. the phenomenon of ‘bullshitting’ (saying nonsense, sharing pseudo-information) on law and its work. A linguistic statement that involves ‘bullshitting’ is an eristic technique in written or oral
communication, expressed by the sender in a specific environment with the purpose of convincing the addressee (audience) that things are so and so and making an impression of being professional and masking the fact that the sender does not care what the truth is. The ‘bullshitter’ does not make attempts to make their input into the conversation factual; they say anything, without any conviction of the truth; they say what they do not have sufficient grounds to claim. This phenomenon is an important factor that makes building the prestige of law (also in Poland) more difficult. Without taking care of the organisation of professional communication about law from professionals to citizens, manipulating information on law
will cause permanent damage to legal awareness. The author compares this eristic
technique with statements with include lies, provides examples of ‘bullshitting’
on law by politicians and journalists, and deals with the circumstances and effects
of the phenomenon.

In addition to search engines, social networks represent an important digital service for many Internet users. Social network services such as Facebook, Xing, or Twitter provide vital platforms for communication and sharing of content as part of a modern, user-friendly Internet. Public criticism of social networks is expressed in particular with regard to processing of personal data. These play a central role in business models of many social networks, with regard to their use e.g. for advertising purposes. A question is, if it can be assumed that market-dominant providers, due to a lock-in effect, can demand a wide-ranging consent for the collection and use of personal data that would be expected in a functioning competition? In the following, social networks, potential competition issues and possible legislative measures due to concentration tendencies in connection with access to user data in the area of social networks will be discussed.