en pl
en pl

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

Show issue
Year 12/2020 
Volume 12 
Issue 4

Najnowsze technologie i zarządzanie granicami zewnętrznymi Unii Europejskiej

Anastazja Gajda
Uniwersytet Opolski

12/2020 12 (4) Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

DOI 10.7206/kp.2080-1084.409

Article contents

Abstract

The article focuses on the normative, institutional, and operational design of the European Union as an area where a considerable part of internal security is based on state-of-the-art technologies and large-scale information systems. This is followed by an analysis of the legal challenges arising from the establishment of so-called smart borders, i.e. borders involving automated border control and the interoperability of all large-scale information systems.
The article poses two fundamental research questions. Firstly: how do these new phenomena affect the effectiveness of management of the external borders in the EU? Secondly: are the existing legal frameworks able to bear the changes that are occurring? It seems that the aspiration towards interoperability may cause tensions underlying the establishment and functioning of the area of freedom, security, and justice (AFSA) in the EU – if the EU’s information systems become more and more interoperable, then the EU legal order may become less and less consistent with them.

References

  1. Bellanova R., González-Fuster G., Politics of Disappearance: Scanners and (Unobserved) Bodies as Mediators of Security Practices, „International Political Sociology” 2013, 7(2). [Google Scholar]
  2. Beuving M.A., Frontex. Its Role and Organisation, [w:] J. Monar (red.), The Institutional Dimension of the European Union’s Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, Brussels 2010. [Google Scholar]
  3. Bigo D., Jeandesboz J., Border security, technology and the Stockholm Programme, Brussels, Centre for European Policy Studies, „Inex Policy Brief” 2009, 3. [Google Scholar]
  4. Bigo D., The European Internal Security Field: Stakes and Rivalries in a Newly Developing Area of Police Intervention, [w:] M. Anderson, M. den Boer (red.), Policing Across National Boundaries, London 1994. [Google Scholar]
  5. Bossong R., The Expansion of Frontex. Symbolic Measures and Long-term Changes in EU Border Management, „SWP Comment” 2019, 12(47). [Google Scholar]
  6. Broeders D., The New Digital Borders of Europe. EU Databases and Surveillance of Irregular Migrants, „International Sociology” 2007, 22(1). [Google Scholar]
  7. Brouwer E., Digital Borders and Real Rights – Effective remedies for Third-Country Nationals in the Schengen Information System, Leiden 2008. [Google Scholar]
  8. Bunyan T., Briefing. The interoperability of Justice and Home Affairs databases, Statewatch, March 2018, http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-340-interoperability-briefing.pdf (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  9. Carrera S., den Hertog L., Parkin J., The Peculiar Nature of EU Home Affairs Agencies in Migration Control: Beyond Accountability versus Autonomy?, „European Journal of Migration and Law” 2013, 15(4). [Google Scholar]
  10. Carrera S., Mitsilegas V. (red.), Constitutionalising the Security Union. Effectiveness, Rule of Law and Rights in Countering Terrorism and Crime, Brussels 2017. [Google Scholar]
  11. Dijstelbloem H., Meijer A., Besters M., The Migration Machine, [w:] H. Dijstelbloem, A. Meijer (red.), Migration and the New Technological Borders of Europe, London 2011. [Google Scholar]
  12. Eisele K., Interoperability between EU information systems for security, border and migration management, European Parliamentary Research Service, PE 615.64, February 2018, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2018)615649 (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  13. European Commission, European Agenda on Security: Commission sets out new approach on interoperability of information systems, Press Release IP/17/1303, Strasburg, 16.05.2017. [Google Scholar]
  14. European Commission, Smart Borders Package: Questions & Answers, MEMO/16/1249, Brussels 6.04. 2016, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_16_1249 (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  15. European Data Protection Supervisor, Reflection paper on the interoperability of information systems in the area of Freedom, Security and Justice, 17.11.2017, https://edps.europa.eu/sites/edp/files/publication/17-11-16_opinion_interoperability_en.pdf (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  16. European Parliament, Interoperability package. Presentation by Julian King, Commissioner for the Security Union, at the LIBE Committee of the European Parliament, 15.01.2018, LIBE/8/11944. [Google Scholar]
  17. Ferraris V., Border control: a new frontier for automated decision making and profiling?, [w:] N. Creemers, D. Guagnin, B.J. Koops (red.), Profiling Technologies in Practice. Applications and Impact on Fundamental Rights and Values, Nijmegen 2015. [Google Scholar]
  18. Gajda A., Interoperacyjność unijnych systemów informacyjnych w zakresie bezpieczeństwa, ochrony granic i zarządzania migracjami „Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace” 2019, 1(37). [Google Scholar]
  19. Gajda A., Znaczenie unijnego systemu wjazdu/wyjazdu dla wzmocnienia i skutecznego zarządzania granicami zewnętrznymi UE, „Przegląd Europejski” 2018, 3. [Google Scholar]
  20. Galli F., Interoperable Law Enforcement. Cooperation Challenges in the EU Area of Freedom, Security and Justice „EUI Working Paper” RSCAS 2019, 15. [Google Scholar]
  21. Gammeltoft-Hansen T., Hathaway J.C., Non-Refoulement in a World of Cooperative Deterrence, „Columbia Journal of Transnational Law” 2015, 53(2). [Google Scholar]
  22. Hanke P., Vitiello D., High-Tech Migration Control in the EU and Beyond: The Legal Challenges of “Enhanced Interoperability”, [w:] E. Carpanelli, N. Lazzerini (red.), Use and Misuse of New Technologies, Springer 2019. [Google Scholar]
  23. Heiskanen M., Borders games: from duel to Russian roulette at the border, [w:] E. Vallet (red.), Borders, fences and walls: state of insecurity? Farnham 2014. [Google Scholar]
  24. High-level expert group on information systems and interoperability. Final report, May 2017 https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regexpert/index.cfm?do=groupDetail.groupDetailDoc&id=32600&no=1 (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  25. Jeandesboz J., Bigo D., Hayes B., Simon S., The Commission’s Legislative Proposals on Smart Borders: Their Feasibility and Costs. Study, European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department C: Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs Justice, Freedom and Security, Brussels 2013. [Google Scholar]
  26. Jeandesboz J., Smartening border security in the European Union: An associational inquiry, „Security Dialogue” 2016, 47(4). [Google Scholar]
  27. Joint Declaration of the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission on the EU’s legislative priorities for 2018–2019, 14.12.2017. [Google Scholar]
  28. Kosińska A.M., Rola unijnych agencji migracyjnych w kreowaniu standardów zarządzania bezpieczeństwem migracyjnym w dobie europejskiego kryzysu migracyjnego, „Studia Migracyjne. Przegląd Migracyjny” 2019, 2. [Google Scholar]
  29. Koslowski R., The Evolution of Border Controls as a Mechanism to Prevent Illegal Immigration, Migration Policy Institute 2011, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/evolution-US-border-controls-illegal-immigration (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  30. Lehtonen P., Aalto P., Smart and secure borders through automated border control systems in the EU? The views of political stakeholders in the Member States, „European Security” 2017, 26(2). [Google Scholar]
  31. Malek C., UAE to Phase out Immigration Officers in Favour of AI by 2020, „The National” 2018, https://www.thenational.ae/uae/government/uae-to-phase-out-immigration-officers-in-favour-of-ai-by-2020-1.704633 (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  32. Noll G., Why the EU gets in the way of refugee solidarity, Open Democracy 2015 https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/gregor-noll/why-eu-gets-in-way-ofrefugee-solidarity (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  33. Parkin J., EU Home Affairs Agencies and the Construction of EU Internal Security, „CEPS Papers in Liberty and Security in Europe” 2012, 53. [Google Scholar]
  34. Quintel T., Connecting personal data of Third Country Nationals. Interoperability of EU databases in the light of the CJEU’s case law on data retention, „Law Working Paper Series” 2018, 2, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323924372_Connecting_Personal_Data_of_Third_Country_Nationals_Interoperability_of_EU_Databases_in_the_Light_of_the_CJEU’s_Case_Law_on_Data_Retention (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  35. Rada Unii Europejskiej, Konkluzje Rady w sprawie bezpieczeństwa i obrony w kontekście globalnej strategii UE – Konkluzje Rady (19 listopada 2018 r.), 13978/18, Bruksela, 19.11.2018. [Google Scholar]
  36. Rada Unii Europejskiej, Konkluzje Rady w sprawie dalszych prac nad usprawnieniem wymiany informacji i zapewnieniem interoperacyjności unijnych systemów informacyjnych – Konkluzje Rady (8 czerwca 2017 r.), dok. 10151/17, Bruksela, 14.06.2017. [Google Scholar]
  37. Rijpma J.J., Cremona M., The Extra-Territorialisation of EU Migration Policies and the Rule of Law, „EUI Working Papers LAW” 2007, 1. [Google Scholar]
  38. The Defence-Security Nexus. Towards an EU Collective Security, European Political Strategy Centre Strategic Notes No. 28, 18.10.2017, https://ec.europa.eu/epsc/sites/epsc/files/epsc_strategic_note_28_-_the_defence-security_nexus_-_towards_an_eu_collective_security.pdf (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  39. Thym D., Legal Framework for Entry and Border Controls, [w:] K. Hailbronner, D. Thym (red.), EU Immigration and Asylum Law. A Commentary, München–Oxford 2016. [Google Scholar]
  40. Tomaszycki K., The Interoperability of European Information Systems for Border and Migration Management and for Ensuring Security, „Facta Universitatis Series: Law and Politics” 2018, 16(3). [Google Scholar]
  41. Trauttmansdorff P., The Politics of Digital Borders, [w:] C. Günay, N. Witjes (red.), Border Politics Defining Spaces of Governance and Forms of Transgressions, Springer 2017. [Google Scholar]
  42. United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), Mediterranean death toll soars, 2016 is deadliest year yet, 25.10.2016, https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2016/10/580f3e684/mediterranean-death-toll-soars-2016-deadliest-year.html (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]
  43. Vaughan-Williams N., Europe’s border crisis: biopolitical security and beyond, Oxford 2015. [Google Scholar]
  44. Wahl T., Works on Interoperability of EU Information Systems Can Start – Legal Framework Established, „Eucrim” 10.09.2019, https://eucrim.eu/news/works-on-interoperability-of-eu-information-systems-can-start/ (dostęp: 1.02.2020). [Google Scholar]

Full metadata record

Cite this record

APA style

Gajda, Anastazja (2020). Najnowsze technologie i zarządzanie granicami zewnętrznymi Unii Europejskiej. (2020). Najnowsze technologie i zarządzanie granicami zewnętrznymi Unii Europejskiej. Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia Nad Prawem, 12(4), 50-69. https://doi.org/10.7206/kp.2080-1084.409 (Original work published 12/2020AD)

MLA style

Gajda, Anastazja. “Najnowsze Technologie I Zarządzanie Granicami Zewnętrznymi Unii Europejskiej”. 12/2020AD. Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia Nad Prawem, vol. 12, no. 4, 2020, pp. 50-69.

Chicago style

Gajda, Anastazja. “Najnowsze Technologie I Zarządzanie Granicami Zewnętrznymi Unii Europejskiej”. Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne Studia Nad Prawem, Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem, 12, no. 4 (2020): 50-69. doi:10.7206/kp.2080-1084.409.

Copyright info

copyright info

CC-BY

People also read: