By way of safeguarding the rights of transgender individuals, the Indian government enacted the Transgender Persons’ (Protection of Rights) Act 2019. Studies show that the Act does not fully comply with many international treaties that aim to safeguard the rights of and provide safeguards for transgender individuals. To commence, to acquire a certificate of identity, transgender individuals are required to undergo a screening procedure administered by a medical officer and a District Magistrate to be certified. This requirement contradicts the idea of self-identification that is highlighted in international treaties such as the Yogyakarta Principles and the Inter-national Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). In this article, the author conducts a comparative study of the provisions that should be promptly added to the Act to give it the necessary prominence that has been overdue.

Since 1 December 2021, the rule applicable in bankruptcy proceedings has been that all pleadings and documents are filed exclusively via the IT system supporting court proceedings using the forms available in this system. An exception to this rule is inter alia a natural person’s right to file a request to declare personal bankruptcy and all pleadings and documents without using the system. The publication analyses whether this entitlement is granted to a natural person only in bankruptcy proceedings or in bankruptcy proceedings conducted after the declaration of bankruptcy.

The pandemic has changed the way society functions, affecting the system of justice as well. The need to maintain social distance has accelerated changes in the judi-ciary. Remote hearings have emerged. The article attempts to answer the question of whether the e-hearings currently taking place are held in accordance with the principle of equality in view of the phenomenon of digital exclusion occurring in Polish society. An empirical study of remote hearings conducted by a student research group and the author’s own experience in this field make up the empiri­cal resources documenting the technical issues that occur during remote hearings and problems related to digital exclusion.

This paper focuses on the issue of whether the boundaries of the private lives of judges are shaped according to cultural conditions and gender. My main assumption is that gender inequality in a culture is reflected in how the boundaries of the private life of judges are interpreted. In this regard, women judges may face more restrictions than their male colleagues in what they wear, what they do and what they say in their lives generally. And ultimately, an interpretation of private life that reinforces gender roles also limits the freedom of expression. I concretise my discussion regarding gender stereotypes that influence what judges do or say in their private lives in different cultures.

The article is divided into two parts. The first part discusses a certain concept of secularism, where secularism is considered to be composite of three principles: separation of church and state, freedom of religion, and equality. Subsequently, the European Convention on Human Rights is reflected upon with that concept of secularism in mind. While it does not warrant separation of church and state, freedom of religion and equality are enshrined in it. Therefore, the Convention may be considered secularist to an extent. In the second part, three of the European Court of Human Rights landmark cases are analyzed with regard to secularism. While not much can be said about Kokkinakis v. Greece on its own, the comparison with Leyla Şahin v. Turkey and Lautsi v. Italy allows to point out that appearance of secu­larism (understood as one of its components – the principle of separation) provides the Court with a possibility to defer to the doctrine of the margin of appreciation and draw the focus away from the actual violation of the principles enshrined in the Convention. Finally, it is noted that the only appearance of the concept of secu­larism as a personal conviction in the Court’s judgment is inconclusive.