Point system is a method of goods division which belongs to so called local justice. It has an application to deterministic allocation of indivisible units of a homogeneous good among a set of agents demanding one unit of the good each. Desirable, normative criteria of this method are presented, especially monotonicity and its consequences. The way of formation of a point system has a basic importance for the properties of goods division. Some examples of applications of a point system are presented.

The paper presents modifi cation of four nonprobabilistic procedures of fair division of a set of indivisible goods with money: Original Knaster, Adjusted Knaster, Equal Shares and Second Prices. The purpose of modification is to adjust the aforementioned methods to the problem of division of a set of goods in a situation of unequal entitlements. Extended versions of six formal properties, namely: strong Pareto optimality, proportionality, envyfreeness, equitability, strategy-proofness and anonymity are also presented. Moreover,proofs of procedures having the same formal properties in a situation of unequal entitlements as in a situation of equal entitlements are shown.

Both in economics and psychology, positive discount rate is usually assumed as an axiom. However, there are circumstances which may lead to negative discount rate. This article presents such a phenomenon. Moreover, author presents particular cases of theories and models which imply preference of receiving lower income in later period of time, rather than higher income in earlier period of time (“less later than more earlier”). The described models are as follows: Life Cycle Hypothesis together with Self Control Theory, Construal Level Theory, Model of Patience Formation and Loewenstein’s Anticipation Model. Authors conclude that there is a need of empirical research verifying implications of these models concerning negative discount rate. Authors believe that the problem of negative discount ratedeserves more attention, taking into account that in developed countries interest rates are close to zero and it still does not discourage customers from putting money aside.