en pl
en pl

Central European Management Journal

Show issue
Year 2019 
Volume 27 
Issue 3

International Strategy as the Facilitator of the Speed, Scope, and Scale of Firms’ Internationalization

Agnieszka Głodowska
Cracow University of Economics

Bożena Pera
Cracow University of Economics

Krzysztof Wach
Cracow University of Economics

2019 27 (3) Central European Management Journal

DOI 10.7206/cemj.2658-0845.3

Abstract

Purpose: Strategy determines the patterns of internationalization. The speed, scale, and scope of
internationalization are important dimensions from the perspective of firms’ behaviors and activities.
The aim of the article is to identify and verify the relationship between the international
strategy and its impact on three dimensions of the studied phenomenon.

Methodology: The article uses a quantitative approach. The survey was conducted on a sample of
355 internationalized firms from Poland, varying in size.

Findings: The analysis with t test and U test (ANOVA) shows a correlation between a company’s
international strategy as a planning instrument and the speed and scope of internationalization.

Research limitations/implications: While considering a firm’s development, especially its international
growth, one should plan the activities related to entering into foreign markets. The results
presented in this article are just a starting point for further analyses. In an attempt to eliminate its
limitations, further research should focus on building a comprehensive model that includes the
remaining components of international strategy and other categories that stimulate internationalization
processes.

Originality: The originality of this article lies in three elements: (i) the article comprehensively
captures the scale, scope, and speed of internationalization at the same time, (ii) the strategy is
introduced as a determining factor of the scale, scope, and speed of internationalization, and (iii)
the article enriches empirical studies about emerging markets such as Poland.

References

  1. Acedo, F.J. and Jones, M.V. (2007). Speed of internationalization and entrepreneurial cognition: Insights and a comparison between international new ventures, exporters and domestic firms. Journal of World Business, 42(3), 236–252. [Google Scholar]
  2. Andersson, S., Evers, N. and Kuivalainen, O. (2014). International new ventures: Rapid internationalization across different industry contexts. European Business Review, 26(5), 390–405, https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-05-2014-0040. [Google Scholar]
  3. Ang, S.H., Benischke, M.H. and Doh, J.P. (2015). The interactions of institutions on foreign market entry mode. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1536–1553. [Google Scholar]
  4. Ayal, I. and Zif J. (1979). Market expansion Strategies in Multinational Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 43(2), 84–94. [Google Scholar]
  5. Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S. (1989). Managing across borders: The transnational solution. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press [Google Scholar]
  6. Beamish, P.W. and Lu, J.W. (2001). The Internationalization and Performance of SMEs. Strategic Management Journal, 22, 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.184. [Google Scholar]
  7. Bharadwaj, A.S. (2000). A Resource-Based Perspective on Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 169–196. [Google Scholar]
  8. Bloodgood, J., Sapienza, H. and Almeida, J. (1996). The internationalization of new high-potential U.S. ventures: Antecedents and outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(4), 61–76. [Google Scholar]
  9. Boehe, D. (2013). Collaborate at home to win abroad: How does access to local network resources influence export behavior? Journal of Small Business Management, 51(2), 167–182. [Google Scholar]
  10. Bonnet, D. and Yip, G. (2009). Strategy convergence. Business Strategy Review, 20(2), 50–55, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8616.2009.00599.x. [Google Scholar]
  11. Brønn, C. and Simcic Brønn P. (2018). Corporate Strategy. In: R.L. Heath and W. Johansen (eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Strategic Communication. Boston: Willey-Blackwell, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119010722.iesc0052 [Google Scholar]
  12. Buckley P.J. and Ghauri P.N. (2004). Globalisation, Economic Geography and the Strategy of Multinational Enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2), 81–98. [Google Scholar]
  13. Buckley, J.P. and Hashai, N. (2009), Formalizing internationalization in the eclectic paradigm, Journal of Internationalization Business Studies, 40(1), 58–70. [Google Scholar]
  14. Buckley, P.J., Dunning, J.H. and Pearce, R.D. (1978). The influence of firm size, industry, nationality, and degree of multinationality on the growth and profitability of the world’s largest firms, 1962–1972. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 114(2), 243–257. [Google Scholar]
  15. Burpitt, W.J. and Rondinelli, D.A. (2000). Small firms’ motivations for exporting: To earn and learn? Journal of Small Business Management, 38(4), 1–14. [Google Scholar]
  16. Căescu, S.C. and Dumitru, I. (2011). Particularities of the competitive environment in the business to business field. Management & Marketing, 6(2), 273–284. [Google Scholar]
  17. Campbell, A. and Faulkner, D. (2003). The Oxford handbook of Strategy: A strategy overview and competitive strategy. Oxford–New York: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  18. Casillas, J.C. and Acedo, F.J. (2013). Speed in the internationalization process of the firm International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(1), 15–29. [Google Scholar]
  19. Chandler, A.D. (1962). Strategy and structure. Chapters in the history of industrial enterprise. Cambridge: MA. [Google Scholar]
  20. Chandola V.K. and Fu H. (2017). Market penetration strategy of smartphone companies from China for India market: a multiple-case study. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management, 2(4), 10–16. [Google Scholar]
  21. Chang, J. (2007). International expansion path, speed, product diversification and performance among emerging-market MNEs: Evidence from Asia-Pacific multinational companies. Asian Business & Management, 6(4), 331–353. [Google Scholar]
  22. Chatterjee, S.R. and Lim, C.H. (2000). Regionalization strategies of the SME sector: An empirical study of Singapore managers. Journal of International Business and Entrepreneurship, 8(2), 15–31. [Google Scholar]
  23. Chetty, S. and Campbell-Hunt, C. (2004). A Strategic Approach to Internationalization: A Traditional Versus a ‘Born-Global’ Approach. Journal of International Marketing, 12(1), 57–81. [Google Scholar]
  24. Chetty, S., Jahanson, M. and Martín Martín, O. (2014). Speed of internationalization: Conceptualization, measurement and validation. Journal of World Business, 49, 633–650. [Google Scholar]
  25. Choi, J.J. (1989), Diversification, Exchange risk, and Corporate. International. Journal of International Business Studies, 20(1), 145–155. [Google Scholar]
  26. Christophe, S.E. and Lee, H. (2005). What matters about internationalization: a market based assessment. Journal of Business Research, 58(5), 636–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.08.010. [Google Scholar]
  27. Ciszewska-Mlinarič, M. (2018). Export Intensity, Geographic Diversification and the Role of Public Support: The Evidence from Old and New Europe SMEs. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 6(2), 45–69, https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2018.060203. [Google Scholar]
  28. Collins, J.M. (1990). A market performance comparison of US firms active in domestic, developed and developing countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 21(2), 271–287. [Google Scholar]
  29. Contractor, F.J., Kundu, S.K. and Hsu Chi-Chi. (2003). A Three-Stage Theory of International Expansion: The Link between Multinationality and Performance in the Service Sector. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(1), 5–18. [Google Scholar]
  30. Crick, D. (2004). U.K. SMEs’ Decision to Discontinue Exporting: An Exploratory Investigation into Practices within the Clothing Industry. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(4), 561–587. [Google Scholar]
  31. Das, G.G. (2014). What Role for 'Learning'? A North-South Tale of Enrichment Effect. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 17(1), 67–85. [Google Scholar]
  32. Delios, A. and Beamish, P. (1999). Geographic scope, product diversification and the corporate performance of Japanese firms. Strategic Management Journal, 20(8), 711–727. [Google Scholar]
  33. Dib, L., da Rocha, A. and da Silva, J. (2010). The internationalization process of Brazilian software firms and the born global phenomenon: Examining firm, network, and entrepreneur variables. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 233–253. [Google Scholar]
  34. Dittfeld, M. (2017). Multinationality and Performance: A Context-Specific Analysis for German Firms. Management International Review, 51(1), 1–35. [Google Scholar]
  35. Dominiguez, N. (208). Promotion agencies and SMEs’ internationalization process: A blessing or a curse? Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 16(1), 58–81. [Google Scholar]
  36. Duniach-Smith, K. (2004). Franchising and the Choice of International Entry Mode. In: J. Windesperger et al. (eds.), Economics and Management of Franchising Networks. (pp. 243–263). Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. [Google Scholar]
  37. Fang, J. (2005). Internationalization of IT Companies: Watch Out Barbed Roses. E-Business World, 6, 33–34. [Google Scholar]
  38. Fastoso, F. and Whitelock, J. (2007). International advertising strategy: the standardization question in manager studies. Patterns in four decades of past research and directions for future knowledge advancement, International Marketing Review, 24(5), 591–605. [Google Scholar]
  39. Faulkner, D., Campbell, A. (2003). The Oxford handbook of strategy. Corporate strategy, (vol. II), Oxford–New York: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  40. Felzensztein, C., Ciravegna, L., Robson, P.J.A. and Amorós, J.E. (2015). Networks, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Internationalization Scope: Evidence from Chilean Small and Medium Enterprises. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(S1), 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12188. [Google Scholar]
  41. Fletcher, R. (2008). The internationalisation from a network perspective: A longitudinal study. Industrial Marketing Management, 37, 953–964. [Google Scholar]
  42. Fostoso, F. and Whitelock, J. (2007). Understanding international branding: defining the domain and reviewing the literature. International Marketing Review, 24(3), 252–270, https://doi.org/10.1108/02651330710755285 [Google Scholar]
  43. Forsgren, M. and Hogstrom, P. (2004). Ignorant Internationalization? The Uppsala Model and Internationalization for Internet – Related Firms. Uppsala: Uppsala University. [Google Scholar]
  44. Freeman, S., Edwards, R. and Schroder, B. (2006). How smaller born-global firms use networks and alliances to overcome constraints to rapid internationalization. Journal of International Marketing, 14(3), 33–63. [Google Scholar]
  45. Gabrielsson, M. and Kirpalani, V.H.M. (2012). Overview, background and historical origin of born globals: Development of theoretical and empirical research. In: M. Gabrielsson and V.H.M. Kirpalani (eds.), Handbook of research on born globals. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. [Google Scholar]
  46. Gancarczyk, M. and Gancarczyk, J. (2018). Proactive international Strategies of cluster SMEs. European Management Journal, 36(1), 59–70. [Google Scholar]
  47. Geringer, J.M., Beamish P.W. and Dacosta R.C. (1989). Diversification strategy and internationalization: Implication for MNE performance. Strategic Management Journal, 10(2), 109–119. [Google Scholar]
  48. Ghemawat, P. (2001). Distance still matters: The hard reality of global expansion. Harvard Business Review, 79(8), 137–147. [Google Scholar]
  49. Glowik, M. (2016). Market Entry Strategies. Internationalization Theories, Concept and Cases of Asian High-Technology Firms (2nd revised and updated ed.). Oldenbourg: De Gruyter. [Google Scholar]
  50. Głodowska, A., Maciejewski, M. and Wach, K. (2019). How Entrepreneurial Orientation Stimulates Different Types of Knowledge in the Internationalisation Process of Firms from Poland?. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2019.070104. [Google Scholar]
  51. Granstrand, O. (1998). Towards a theory of the technology-based firm. Research policy, 27, 465–489. [Google Scholar]
  52. Grøgaard, B. (2012). Alignment of strategy and structure in international firm: An empirical examination, International Business Review, 21(3), 397–407. [Google Scholar]
  53. Gulati, R., Nohria, N. and Zaheer, A. (2000). Strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 203–215. [Google Scholar]
  54. Hagen, B., Zucchella, A., Cerchiello, P. and De Giovanni, N. (2012). International strategy and performance – clustering strategic types of SMEs. International Business Review, 21(3), 369–382. [Google Scholar]
  55. Hajela, A. and Akbar, M. (2013). Internationalisation of small and medium software firms from India. International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development, 6(1/2), 88–101. [Google Scholar]
  56. Hamel, G. and Prahalad, C.K. (1985). Do you really have a global strategy? Harvard Business Review, 63 (4), 139–148. [Google Scholar]
  57. Harzing, A.W. (2000). An empirical analysis and extension of the Bartlett and Ghoshal typology of multinational companies. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(1), 101–120. [Google Scholar]
  58. Hashai, N. (2011). Sequencing the expansion of geographic scope and foreign operations by “born global” firms. Journal of international Business Studies, 42(8), 995–1015, https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2011.31 [Google Scholar]
  59. Hassel, A., Höpner, M., Kurdelbusch, A., Rehder, B. and Zugehör, R. (2003). Two dimensions of the internationalization of firms. Journal of Management Studies, 40(3), 702–719. [Google Scholar]
  60. Haugland, S. (2010). The integration-responsiveness framework and subsidiary management: A commentary. Journal of Business Research, 63(1), 94–96. [Google Scholar]
  61. He, X. and Wei, Y. (2013). Export Market Location Decision and Performance: The Role of External Networks and Absorptive Capacity. International Marketing Review, 30(6), 559–590. [Google Scholar]
  62. Hewerdine, L.J., Rumyantseva, M. and Welch, C. (2014). Resource scavenging: Another dimension of the pattern of high-tech SMEs. International Marketing Review, 31(3), 237–258. [Google Scholar]
  63. Hilmersson, M. (2014). Small and medium-sized enterprise internationalisation strategy and performance in times of market turbulence. International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 32(4), 386–400. [Google Scholar]
  64. Hitt, M.A., Hoskisson, R.E. and Kim, H. (1997). International Diversification: Effects on Innovation and Firm Performance in Product - Diversified Firms. Academy of Management Journal, 40(4), 767–798. [Google Scholar]
  65. Hitt, M.A., Li, D. and Xu, K. (2016). International strategy: From local to global and beyond. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 58–73. [Google Scholar]
  66. Hitt, M.A., Tihanyi, L., Miller, T. and Connelly, B. (2006). International diversification: antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Management, 32(6), 831–867. [Google Scholar]
  67. Hittmar, S. and Jankal, R. (2015). Strategic Management of Networks. In: W. Sroka, S. Hittmar (eds.), Management of Network Organizations (pp. 5–21). Basel: Springer International Publishing Switzerland, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17347-4_2. [Google Scholar]
  68. Hollensen, S. (2008). Essential of Global Marketing. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. [Google Scholar]
  69. Horst, T. (1972). Firm and industry determinants of the decision to invest abroad: An empirical study. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 54(3), 258–266, https://doi.org/10.2307/1937986. [Google Scholar]
  70. Huo, D. and Hung, K. (2015). Internationalization Strategy and Firm Performance: Estimation of Corporate Strategy Effect Based on Big Data of Chinese IT Companies in a Complex Network. Journal for Economic Forecasting, 2, 148–163. [Google Scholar]
  71. Ibeh, K., Jones, M.V. and Kuivalainen, O. (2018). Consolidating and advancing knowledge on the post-entry performance of international new ventures. International Small Business Journal, 36(7), 741–757. [Google Scholar]
  72. Ietto-Gillies, G. (1998). Different conceptual frameworks for the assessment of the degree of internationalization: An empirical analysis of various indices for the top 100 transnational corporations. Transnational Corporations, 7, 17–39. [Google Scholar]
  73. Jantunen, A., Nummela, N., Puumalainen, K. and Saarenketo, S. (2008). Strategic orientations of born globals – Do they really matter? Journal of World Business, 43(2), 158–170. [Google Scholar]
  74. Javalgi, R.G., Deligonul, S., Dixit, A. and Cavusgil, S.T. (2011). International Market Reentry: A Review and Research Framework. International Business Review, 20(5), 377–393. [Google Scholar]
  75. Jiménez, A. (2010). Does political risk affect the scope of the expansion abroad? Evidence from Spanish MNEs. International Business Review, 19, 619–633. [Google Scholar]
  76. Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.-E. (1977). The internationalization process of the firm – a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23–32. [Google Scholar]
  77. Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.-E. (2009). The Uppsala internationalization process model revisited: From liability of foreignness to liability of outsidership. Journal of International Business Studies, 49(9), 1411–1431. [Google Scholar]
  78. Kaffash, M.H., Haghighikhah, M. and Kordlouie, H. (2012). Identifying Factors Influencing Entry Mode Selction in Food Industry of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Iran. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 5(5), 47–55. [Google Scholar]
  79. Khavul, S., Pérez-Nordtvedt, L. and Wood, E. (2010). Organization Entertainment and International New Ventures from Emerging Markets. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 104–119. [Google Scholar]
  80. Kim, J.W. (2010). The Relationship between International Diversification and Global Brand Value: Is It Linear? One Way? Country of Origin Dependent? Journal of Global Business Issues, 4(1), 17–28. [Google Scholar]
  81. Kim, W.C., Hwang, P. and Burgers, W.P. (1993). Multinational's diversification and risk-return tradeoff. Strategic Management Journal 14, 275–286. [Google Scholar]
  82. Knight, G.A. and Cavusgil, S.T. (2004). Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2), 124–141. [Google Scholar]
  83. Knight, G.A. and Cavusgil, S.T. (2005). A taxonomy of born-global firms. Management International Review, 45(3), 15–35. [Google Scholar]
  84. Knight, G.A. and Liesch, P. W. (2016). Internationalization: From incremental to born global. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 93–102. [Google Scholar]
  85. Koch, A.J. (2001). Factors influencing market and entry mode selection: developing the MEMs model. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 19(5), 351–361. [Google Scholar]
  86. Kuivalainen, O., Sundqvist, S., Saarenketo, S. and McNaughton, R. (2012). Internationalization patterns of small and medium-sized enterprises. International Marketing Review, 29(5), 448–465. [Google Scholar]
  87. Kumar, M.S. (1984). Growth, acquisition, and investment: an analysis of the growth of industrial firms and their overseas activities. New York: Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  88. Kutschker, M. and Bäurle, I. (1997). Three + one: Multidimensional strategy of internationalization. MIR. Management International Review, 37(2), 103–125. [Google Scholar]
  89. Kwon, Y.-C. and Hu, M.Y. (1995). Comparative analysis of export-oriented and foreign production-oriented firms’ foreign market entry decisions. Management International Review, 35(4), 325–336. [Google Scholar]
  90. Lages, L.F., Mata, J. and Griffith, D.A. (2013). Change in international market strategy as a reaction to performance decline. Journal of Business Research, 66, 2600–2611. [Google Scholar]
  91. Lakomaa, E. (2009). Models for internationalization. A study of the early steps of the internationalization of Scandinavian media companies. Stockholm: Stockholm School of Economics. [Google Scholar]
  92. Lambert, D. M. (2001). The Supply Chain Management and Logistics Controversy. In: A.M. Brewer, K.J. Button, D.A. Hensher (Eds.), Handbook of Logistics and Supply Chain Management (pp. 99–126). Oxford: Elsevier Science. [Google Scholar]
  93. Lee, C.S. and Yang, Y.S. (1990). Impact of Export market expansion strategy on Export Performance. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 3(1), 29–39. [Google Scholar]
  94. Leonidas, L.C. (2004). An analysis of the barriers hindering small business export development. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(3), 279–302. [Google Scholar]
  95. Li, L., Qian, G. and Qian, Z. (2012). Early internationalization and performance of small high-tech born-globals. International Marketing Review, 29(5), 536–561. [Google Scholar]
  96. Li, P.-Y. and Meyer, K.E. (2009). Contextualizing experience effects in international business: A study of ownership strategy. Journal of World Business, 44, 370–382. [Google Scholar]
  97. Lin, L.-H. (2014). Subsidiary performance: The contingency of multinational corporation’s international strategy. European Management Journal, 32(6), 928–937. [Google Scholar]
  98. Lin, S.-L. and Hsieh, A.-T. (2010). International strategy implementation: Roles of subsidiaries, operational capabilities, and procedural justice. Journal of Business Research, 67, 52–59. [Google Scholar]
  99. Lopez, L.E., Kundu, S.K. and Ciravegna, L. (2009). Born global or born regional? Evidence from an exploratory study in the Costa Rican software industry. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(7), 2009, 1228–1238. [Google Scholar]
  100. Lorange, P. (2005). Strategy means choice: Also for today’s business school. Journal of Management Development, 24(9), 783–790. [Google Scholar]
  101. Luo, Y. and Tung, R.L. (2007). International expansion of emerging market enterprises: A springboard perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4), 481–498. [Google Scholar]
  102. Matthyssens, P. and Pauwels, P. (2000). Uncovering international market-exit processes: a comparative case study. Psychology & Marketing, 17(8), 697–719. [Google Scholar]
  103. McDougall, P. and Oviat, B. (1996). New Venture Internationalization, Strategic Change, and performance: A Follow-up Study. Journal of Business Venturing, 11(l), 23–40. [Google Scholar]
  104. Menon, A. and Menon, A. (1997). Enviropreneurial Marketing Strategy: The Emergence of Corporate Evnironmentalism as Market Strategy. Journal of Marketing, 61(1), 51–67. [Google Scholar]
  105. Meyer K.E. and Tran Y.T.T. (2006). Market penetration and acquisition strategies for emerging economies. Long Range Planning. International Journal of Strategic Management 39(2), 177–197. [Google Scholar]
  106. Mohr, A. and Batsakis, G. (2016). Internationalization speed and firm performance: A study of the market-seeking expansion of retail MNEs, Management International Review, 57(2), 153–177. [Google Scholar]
  107. Morck, R. and Yeung, B. (1991). Why investors value multinationality. Journal of Business, 64(20), 165–187. [Google Scholar]
  108. Narayanan, V. (2015). Export Barriers for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Literature Review based on Leonidou’s Model. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3(2), 105–123, https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2015.030208. [Google Scholar]
  109. Neubert, M. (2016). Significance of the Speed of Internationalisation for Born Global Firms – A Multiple Case Study Approach. International Journal of Teaching and Case Studies, 7(1), 66–81, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTCS.2016.076067. [Google Scholar]
  110. Neubert, M. (2017). Lean Internationalization: How to Globalize Early and Fast in a Small Economy. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(5), 16–22. [Google Scholar]
  111. Nisar S., Boateng A. and Wu J. (2018). The entry mode strategy and performance of SMEs: Evidence from Norway. Research in International Business and Finance, 45(C), 323–333. [Google Scholar]
  112. Nummela, N., Saarenketo, S., Jokela, P. and Loane, S. (2014). Strategic Decision-Making of a Born Global: A Comparative Study from Three Small Open Economies. Management International Review, 54(4), 527–550, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-014-0211-x. [Google Scholar]
  113. Oezsomer, A. and Prussia, G.E. (2000). Competing perspectives in international marketing strategy: contingency and process models, Journal of International Marketing, 8(1), 27–50. [Google Scholar]
  114. Oh, Ch.H. and Rugman, A.M. (2012). Regional integration and the international strategies of large European firms. International Business Review, 21(3), 493–507. [Google Scholar]
  115. Olejnik, E. and Swoboda, B. (2012). SMEs’ Internationalisation patterns: descriptives, dynamics and determinants. International Marketing Review, 29(5), 466–495. [Google Scholar]
  116. Oviatt, B.M. and McDougall, P. (2005). Defining international entrepreneurship and modeling the speed of internationalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 537–554. [Google Scholar]
  117. Øystein, M. and Servais, P. (2002). Born Global or Gradual Global? Examining the Export Behavior of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Journal of International Marketing, 10(3), 49–72. [Google Scholar]
  118. Pan, Y. and Tse, D.K. (2000). The Hierarchical Model of Market Entry Modes. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(4), 535–554. [Google Scholar]
  119. Pauwels, P. and Matthyssens, P. (1999). A strategy process perspective on export withdrawal. Journal of International Marketing, 7(3), 10–37. [Google Scholar]
  120. Perényi, A. and Losoncz, M. (2018). A Systematic Review of International Entrepreneurship Special Issue Articles. Sustainability, 10(10), 3476, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103476. [Google Scholar]
  121. Perlmutter, H.V. (1969). The tortuous evolution of multinational enterprises. Columbia Journal of World Business, 4(1), 9–18. [Google Scholar]
  122. Riahi-Belkaoui, A. (1996). Internationalization, diversification strategy and ownership structure: Implications for French MNE performance, International Business Review, 5(4), August, 367–376. [Google Scholar]
  123. Root, F.R. (1994). Entry Strategies for International Markets. Lexington: Lexington Books. [Google Scholar]
  124. Rugman, A.M. and Verbeke, A. (2004). A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(1), 3–18. [Google Scholar]
  125. Rugman, A.M. and Verbeke, A. (2005). Toward a theory of regional multinationals: A transaction cost economics approach. Management International Review, 45(S1), 5–17. [Google Scholar]
  126. Ruzzier, M., Hisrich, R.D. and Antoncic, B. (2006). SME Internationalization Research: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4), 476–497. [Google Scholar]
  127. Sapienza, H., Autio, E., George, G. and Zahra, S.A. (2006). A capabilities perspective on the effects of early internationalization on firm survival and growth. Academy of Management Review, 31, 914–933. [Google Scholar]
  128. Segal-Horn, S. (1996). The limits of global strategy. Strategy & Leadership, 24(6), 12–17, https://doi.org/10.1108/eb054570 [Google Scholar]
  129. Siddharthan, N.S. and Lall, S. (1982). The recent growth of the largest US multinationals. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 44(1), 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1982.mp44001001.x [Google Scholar]
  130. Solberg C.A. and Durrieu, F. (2008). Strategy development in international markets: a two tier approach. International Marketing Review, 25(5), 520–543, doi.org/10.1108/02651330810904071. [Google Scholar]
  131. Stoian, M.C., Rialp, A., Rialp J. and Jarvis R. (2016). Internationalisation of Central and Eastern European small firms: Institutions, resources and networks. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(1), 105–121. [Google Scholar]
  132. Stopford, J.M. and Wells, L.T. (1972). Managing the multinational enterprise: Organization of the firm and ownership of the subsidiaries. New York: Basic Books. [Google Scholar]
  133. Stray, S., Bridgewater, S. and Murray, G. (2001). The internationalisation process of small, technology-based firms: Market selection, mode choice and degree of internationalisation. Journal of International Global Marketing, 15(1), 7–29. [Google Scholar]
  134. Sui, S. and Baum, M. (2014). Internationalization strategy, firm resources and the survival of SMEs in the export market. Journal of International Business Studies, 45, 821–841. [Google Scholar]
  135. Sullivan, D. (1994). Measuring the degree of internationalization of a firm. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(2), 325–342. [Google Scholar]
  136. Swoboda, B., Elsner, S. and Morschett, D. (2014). Preferences and Performance of International Strategies in Retail Sectors: An Empirical Study. Long Range Planning. International Journal of Strategic Management, 47(6), 319–336. [Google Scholar]
  137. Swoboda, B., Morbe, L. and Hirschmann, J. (2018). International strategy’s effects on retailers’local implementation and performance. International Business Review, 27(3), 642–653. [Google Scholar]
  138. Tallman, S. and Li, J. (1996). Effects of International Diversity and Product Diversity on the Performance of Multinational Firms. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 179–196. [Google Scholar]
  139. Taylor, M. and Jack, R. (2013). Understanding the Pace, Scale and Pattern of Firms Internationalization: An Extension of the ‘Born Global’ Concept, International Small Business Journal, 31(6), 701–721. [Google Scholar]
  140. Teece, D. (1986). Profiting from technological innovation: implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Research Policy 15, 285–305. [Google Scholar]
  141. Terjesen, S., Hessels, J., Li, D. (2013). Comparative international entrepreneurship: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 42, 299–234, http://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313486259 [Google Scholar]
  142. Trudgen, R. and Freeman, S. (2014). Measuring the Performance of Born-Global Firms Throughout Their Development Process: The Roles of Initial Market Selection and Internationalisation Speed. Management International Review, 54(4), 551–579 . [Google Scholar]
  143. Turcan, R.V. (2003). De-internationalization and the Small Firm. In: W. Colin, M. Frank and G. Irene (Eds.), Internationalization, Firm Strategies and Management (pp. 208–222). Palgrave Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  144. Vahlne, J.-E. and Ivarsson, I., (2014). The globalization of Swedish MNEs: Empirical evidence and theoretical explanations, Journal of International Business Studies, 45(3), 227–247. [Google Scholar]
  145. Verbeke, A. (2009). International business strategy: Rethinking the foundations of global corporate success. Cambridge (UK)-New York (US): Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  146. Vermeulen, F. and Barkema, H. (2002). Pace, rhythm, and scope: Process dependence in building a profitable multinational corporation. Strategic Management Journal, 23(7), 637–653. [Google Scholar]
  147. Vernon, R. (1971). Sovereignty at bay: the multinational spread of u.s. enterprises. New York: Basic Books. [Google Scholar]
  148. Vila López, N. (2013). Barriers to export: the power of organisational factors. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 23(2), 136–147. [Google Scholar]
  149. Vissak, T. and Masso, J. (2015). Export patterns: Typology development and application to Estonian data, International Business Review, 24, 652–664. [Google Scholar]
  150. Volpe Martincus, V.C., Estevadeordal, A., Gallo, A., et al. (2010). Information barriers, export promotion institutions, and the extensive margin of trade. Review of World Economics, 146(1), 91–111. [Google Scholar]
  151. Wach, K. (2014). Theoretical Framework of the Firm-Level Internationalisation in Business Studies (chapter 1). In: A. Duréndez and K. Wach (eds.), Patterns of Business Internationalisation in Visegrad Countries – In Search for Regional Specifics. Cartagena: Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. [Google Scholar]
  152. Wach, K. (2015). Incremental versus Rapid Internationalisation of Firms: Results of Exploratory Investigation from Poland. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3(4), 37–48, https://doi.org/ 10.15678/EBER.2015.030403 [Google Scholar]
  153. Wach, K., Głodowska, A. and Maciejewski, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Orientation, Knowledge Utilization and Internationalization of Firms. Sustainability, 10(12), 4711. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124711. [Google Scholar]
  154. Welch, C.L. and Welch, L.S. (2009). Re-internationalisation: Exploration and conceptualisation, International Business Review, 18, 567–577. [Google Scholar]
  155. Welch, L.S. and Luostarinen, R. (1988). Internationalization: Evolution of a concept. In: P.J. Buckley and P.N. Ghauri (eds.), The internationalization of the firm (pp. 83–98). London: Cengage Learning EMEA. [Google Scholar]
  156. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger J.D. (2010). Strategic management and business policy. Achieving sustainability (12th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education Ltd. [Google Scholar]
  157. Xie, G. and Liu, X. (2011). Research on International Competitiveness of Chinese IT Enterprises – from the Perspective of Knowledge Management. Science and Technology Management Research, 19, 171–175. [Google Scholar]
  158. Xue, Y. and Zhou, J. (2007). Product Diversification, Internationalization and Corporate Performance: An Empirical Evidence from Chinese Listed Manufacturing Companies. Nankai Management Review, 10(3), 77–86. [Google Scholar]
  159. Yiu, D. and Makino, S. (2002). The choice between joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary: An institutional perspective. Organization Science, 13(6), 667–683. [Google Scholar]
  160. Yu, J., de Koning, A. and Oviatt, B.M. (2005). Institutional and Economic Influences on Internet Adoption and Accelerated Firm Internationalization. In: D.A. Shepherd and J.A. Katz (eds.), International Entrepreneurship (Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth (85–110). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Zacharakis, A.L. (1997). Entrepreneurial entry into foreign markets: a transaction cost perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 21(3), 23–39. [Google Scholar]
  161. Zahra, S.A. and George, G. (2005). International Entrepreneurship: The Current Status of the Field and Future Research Agenda. In: M.A. Hitt, D.R. Ireland, L.D. Sexton and M. Camp (eds.), Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating an Integrated Mindset (pp. 255–288). Oxford: Blackwell. [Google Scholar]
  162. Zahra, S.A., Ireland, D.R. and Hitt, M.A. (2000). International expansion by new venture firms: international diversity, mode of market entry, technological learning and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 925–950. [Google Scholar]
  163. Zeng, Y., Shenkar, O., Lee, S.H. and Song, S. (2013). Cultural differences, MNE learning abilities, and the effect of experience on subsidiary mortality in a dissimilar culture: Evidence from Korean MNEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 44(1), 42–65. [Google Scholar]
  164. Zhou, L. and Wu, A. (2014). Earliness of internationalization and performance outcomes: Exploring the moderating effects of venture age and international commitment. Journal of World Business, 49(1), 132–142. [Google Scholar]
  165. Zimmerman, M.A., Barsky, D. and Brouthers, K.D. (2009). Networks, SMEs, and International Diversification. Multinational Business Review, 17(4), 143–162. [Google Scholar]
  166. Zucchella, A., Palamara, G. and Denicolai, S. (2007). The drivers of the early internationalization of the firm. Journal of World Business, 42(3), 268–280. [Google Scholar]

Full metadata record

Cite this record

APA style

Głodowska, Agnieszka & Pera, Bożena & Wach, Krzysztof (2019). Głodowska, A. , Pera, B. , & Wach, K.. (2019). International Strategy as the Facilitator of the Speed, Scope, and Scale of Firms’ Internationalization. Central European Management Journal, 27(3), 55-84. https://doi.org/10.7206/cemj.2658-0845.3 (Original work published 2019)

MLA style

Głodowska, Agnieszka and Pera, Bożena and Wach, Krzysztof. Głodowska, A. , et al.. “International Strategy As The Facilitator Of The Speed, Scope, And Scale Of Firms’ Internationalization”. 2019. Central European Management Journal, vol. 27, no. 3, 2019, pp. 55-84.

Chicago style

Głodowska, Agnieszka and Pera, Bożena and Wach, Krzysztof. Głodowska, Agnieszka , Bożena Pera, and Krzysztof Wach. “International Strategy As The Facilitator Of The Speed, Scope, And Scale Of Firms’ Internationalization”. Central European Management Journal, Central European Management Journal, 27, no. 3 (2019): 55-84. doi:10.7206/cemj.2658-0845.3.