en pl
en pl

Central European Management Journal

Zobacz wydanie
Rok 2017 
Tom 25 
Numer 3

Knowledge Safety – Insights from the SME Sector

Małgorzata Zięba
Gdansk University of Technology

2017 25 (3) Central European Management Journal

DOI 10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.203

Zawartość artykułu

Abstrakt

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the topic of knowledge safety, defned as the state of knowledge being safe from loss, leakage, attrition, oblivion, waste or theft. The paper frst presents a theoretical background and review of previous studies on knowledge loss and ways of overcoming it, and then illustrates the topic of knowledge safety with ten case studies from the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) sector.

Methodology: The paper is based on an analysis of Knowledge Management (KM) literature devoted to knowledge loss and its potential types in companies, and on the results of case study research. Knowledge safety was frst defned and contrasted with other terms, and then examined in 10 selected SMEs. The research resulted in a clarifcation of what SMEs understand by the term of “knowledge safety” and what kind of measures they take to ensure it.

Findings: As the analysis shows, the examined SMEs attribute diversifed signifcance to the issue of knowledge safety. For some of them, such problem does not exist at all and they state that they can ensure knowledge safety in all aspects of their operations. Some companies perceive it mainly through the safety of the knowledge stored in electronic databases, while others link it with the human factor only.

Research limitations: Research results are limited to ten companies operating in Poland. As such, they cannot illustrate the whole picture of the existing small or medium-sized companies.

Research implications: The fndings of both literature review and case study analysis indicate that there is a need to further examine the issue of knowledge safety by analysing the potential factors which may endanger knowledge safety and the methods to eliminate such risks.

Practical implications: The paper examines important aspects of knowledge safety and provides guidelines on how it can be ensured by managers or owners of SMEs.

Originality/value: The term of knowledge safety has been absent from the related literature so far. The paper defnes it and explores both the theoretical and the practical aspects thereof. The paper also suggests further research possibilities in this area.

Powiązania

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  14. Eckardt, R., Skaggs, B.C. and Youndt, M. (2014). Turnover and knowledge loss: An examination of the differential impact of production manager and worker turnover in service and manufacturing frms. Journal of Management Studies, 51(7): 1025–1057, https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12096 [Google Scholar]
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  25. Juliano, J.J. (2004). Gen-X and Gen-Y: teaching them the business. Public Utilities Fortnightly, 142(6): 82–85. [Google Scholar]
  26. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Google Scholar]
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  47. Burnard, P., Gil, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E. and Chadwick, B. (2008). Analysing and presenting qualitative data. British Dental Journal, 204(8): 429–432, https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.292 [Google Scholar]
  48. Cegarra-Navarro, J.G., Sánchez-Vidal, M.E. and Cegarra-Leiva, D. (2011). Balancing exploration and exploitation of knowledge through an unlearning context: An empirical investigation in SMEs. Management Decision, 49(7): 1099–1119, https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741111151163 [Google Scholar]
  49. Cegarra-Navarro, J., Martinez-Martinez, A., Ortega Gutiérrez, J. and Luis Leal Rodríguez, A. (2013). Environmental knowledge, unlearning, and performance in hospitality companies. Management Decision, 51(2): 341–360, https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741311301858 [Google Scholar]
  50. Chong, C.W., Chong, S.C. and Gan, G.C. (2011). Inter-organizational knowledge transfer needs among small and medium enterprises. Library Review, 60(1): 37–52, https://doi.org/10.1108/00242531111100568 [Google Scholar]
  51. Dąbrowska, M. (2005). Knowledge and knowledge management in contemporary organizations: theoretical considerations. Foundations of Control and Management Sciences, 3: 79–94. [Google Scholar]
  52. de Holan, P.M. and Phillips, N. (2004). Remembrance of things past? The dynamics of organizational forgetting. Management Science, 50(11): 1603–1613, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1040.0273 [Google Scholar]
  53. De Long, D.W. (2004). Lost Knowledge: Confronting the Threat of an Aging Workforce. Oxford: Oxford University Press, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  54. De Long, D.W. and Davenport, T. (2003). Better practices for retaining organizational knowledge: Lessons from the leading edge. Employment Relations Today, 30(3): 51–63, https://doi.org/10.1002/ert.10098 [Google Scholar]
  55. Durst, S., Edvardsson, I.R. and Bruns, G. (2015). Knowledge Retention in SMEs – Insights into the building and construction industry. In: G.S. and V.A.J.C. Spender (eds.), Culture, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: connecting the knowledge dots. Matera: Institute of Knowledge Asset Management (IKAM). [Google Scholar]
  56. Durst, S. and Wilhelm, S. (2011). Knowledge management in practice: insights into a medium-sized enterprise’s exposure to knowledge loss. Prometheus, 29(1): 23–38, https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2011.565693 [Google Scholar]
  57. Durst, S. and Zieba, M. (2017). Knowledge Risks – Towards a Taxonomy. International Journal of Business Environment (forthcoming), https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBE.2017.084705 [Google Scholar]
  58. Eckardt, R., Skaggs, B.C. and Youndt, M. (2014). Turnover and knowledge loss: An examination of the differential impact of production manager and worker turnover in service and manufacturing frms. Journal of Management Studies, 51(7): 1025–1057, https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12096 [Google Scholar]
  59. Edvardsson, I.R. (2006). Knowledge management in SMEs: the case of Icelandic frms. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 4(4): 275–282, https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500111 [Google Scholar]
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  63. Gharajedaghi, J. (2007). Systems thinking: a case for second-order-learning. The Learning Organization, 14(6): 473–479, https://doi.org/10.1108/09696470710825088 [Google Scholar]
  64. Gold, H.A., Malhotra, A., and Albert, S. (2001). Knowledge Management: An Organizational Capabilities Perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1): 185–214, https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669 [Google Scholar]
  65. Hislop, D. (2005). Knowledge Management in Organizations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  66. Holsapple, C.W. (2003). Knowledge and Its Attributes. In: Handbook on Knowledge Management. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24748-7 [Google Scholar]
  67. Hutchinson, V. and Quintas, P. (2008). Do SMEs do knowledge management? Or simply manage what they know? International Small Business Journal, 26(2): 131–134, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242607086571 [Google Scholar]
  68. Joe, C., Yoong, P. and Patel, K. (2013). Knowledge loss when older experts leave knowledge-intensive organisations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(6): 913–927, https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-04-2013-0137 [Google Scholar]
  69. Juliano, J.J. (2004). Gen-X and Gen-Y: teaching them the business. Public Utilities Fortnightly, 142(6): 82–85. [Google Scholar]
  70. Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Google Scholar]
  71. Leedy, P.D. and Omrod, J.P. (2005). Practical Research – Planning and Design. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson. [Google Scholar]
  72. Levy, M. (2011). Knowledge retention: minimizing organizational business loss. Journal of Knowledge Management, 15(4): 582–600, https://doi.org/10.1108/13673271111151974 [Google Scholar]
  73. Liebeskind, J.P. (1996). Knowledge, strategy, and the theory of the frm. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2): 93–107, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250171109 [Google Scholar]
  74. Mangiarotti, G. (2012). Knowledge management practices and innovation propensity: a frm level analysis from Luxembourg. International Journal of Technology Management, 58(3/4): 261–283, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2012.046618 [Google Scholar]
  75. Markóczy, L. (1994). Modes of Organizational Learning. Institutional Change and Hungarian Joint Ventures. International Studies of Management & Organization, 24(4): 5–30, https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1994.11656642 [Google Scholar]
  76. Martins, E. and Martins, N. (2011). “The Role of Organisational Factors in Combating Tacit Knowledge Loss in Organisations. Southern African Business Review, 15(1): 49–69. [Google Scholar]
  77. Massingham, P. (2008). Measuring the impact of knowledge loss: More than ripples on a pond? Management Learning, 39(5): 541–560, https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507608096040 [Google Scholar]
  78. McAdam, R. and Keogh, W. (2004). Transitioning towards creativity and innovation measurement in SMEs. Creativity and Innovation Management, 13(2): 126–139, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-1690.2004.00300.x [Google Scholar]
  79. Meyer, C.B. (2001). A Case in Case Study Methodology. Field Methods, 13(4): 329–352, https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X0101300402 [Google Scholar]
  80. Mohamed, S., Mynors, D., Andrew, G., Chan, P., Coles, R. and Walsh, K. (2007). Unearthing key drivers of knowledge leakage. International Journal of Knowledge Management Studies, 1(3–4): 456–470, https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKMS.2007.012535 [Google Scholar]
  81. Ndlela, L.T. and du Toit, A.S.A. (2001). Establishing a knowledge management program for competitive advantage in an enterprise. International Journal of Information Management, 21(2): 151–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-4012(01)00007-X [Google Scholar]
  82. Nunes, M.B., Annansingh, F., Eaglestone, B. and Wakefeld, R. (2006). Knowledge management issues in knowledge-intensive SMEs. Journal of Documentation, 62(1): 101–119, https://doi.org/10.1108/00220410610642075 [Google Scholar]
  83. Pablos, P.O. de (2002). Evidence of intellectual capital measurement from Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 3(3): 287–302, https://doi.org/10.1108/14691930210435624 [Google Scholar]
  84. Panagiotakopoulos, A. (2012). Staff “poaching” in the small business context: overcoming this key barrier to training. Industrial and Commercial Training, 44(6): 326–333, https://doi.org/10.1108/00197851211254752 [Google Scholar]
  85. Parise, S., Cross, R. and Davenport, T.H. (2006). Strategies for preventing a knowledge-loss crisis. MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(4): 31–38. [Google Scholar]
  86. Parise, S., Cross, R. and Davenport, T.H. (2006). Strategies for preventing a knowledge-loss crisis. MIT Sloan Management Review, 47(4): 31–38. [Google Scholar]
  87. Rebernik, M. and Širec, K. (2007). Fostering innovation by unlearning tacit knowledge. Kybernetes, 36(3/4): 406–419, https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920710747039 [Google Scholar]
  88. Schmitt, A., Borzillo, S. and Probst, G. (2012). Don’t let knowledge walk away: Knowledge retention during employee downsizing. Management Learning, 43(1): 53–74, https://doi.org/10.1177/1350507611411630 [Google Scholar]
  89. Ahmad, A., Bosua, R. and Scheepers, R. (2014). Protecting organizational competitive advantage: A knowledge leakage perspective. Computers and Safety, 42: 27–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2014.01.001 [Google Scholar]
  90. Awad, E.M. and Ghaziri, H.M. (2004). Knowledge Management. Pearson Education. Bishop, J., Bouchlaghem, D., Glass, J. and Matsumoto, I. (2008). Ensuring the effectiveness of a knowledge management initiative. Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(4): 16–29, https://doi.org/10.1108/13673270810884228 [Google Scholar]
  91. Burnard, P., Gil, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E. and Chadwick, B. (2008). Analysing and presenting qualitative data. British Dental Journal, 204(8): 429–432, https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.292 [Google Scholar]
  92. Cegarra-Navarro, J.G., Sánchez-Vidal, M.E. and Cegarra-Leiva, D. (2011). Balancing exploration and exploitation of knowledge through an unlearning context: An empirical investigation in SMEs. Management Decision, 49(7): 1099–1119, https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741111151163 [Google Scholar]
  93. Cegarra-Navarro, J., Martinez-Martinez, A., Ortega Gutiérrez, J. and Luis Leal Rodríguez, A. (2013). Environmental knowledge, unlearning, and performance in hospitality companies. Management Decision, 51(2): 341–360, https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741311301858 [Google Scholar]
  94. Chong, C.W., Chong, S.C. and Gan, G.C. (2011). Inter-organizational knowledge transfer needs among small and medium enterprises. Library Review, 60(1): 37–52, https://doi.org/10.1108/00242531111100568 [Google Scholar]
  95. Dąbrowska, M. (2005). Knowledge and knowledge management in contemporary organizations: theoretical considerations. Foundations of Control and Management Sciences, 3: 79–94. [Google Scholar]
  96. de Holan, P.M. and Phillips, N. (2004). Remembrance of things past? The dynamics of organizational forgetting. Management Science, 50(11): 1603–1613, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1040.0273 [Google Scholar]
  97. De Long, D.W. (2004). Lost Knowledge: Confronting the Threat of an Aging Workforce. Oxford: Oxford University Press, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195170979.001.0001 [Google Scholar]
  98. De Long, D.W. and Davenport, T. (2003). Better practices for retaining organizational knowledge: Lessons from the leading edge. Employment Relations Today, 30(3): 51–63, https://doi.org/10.1002/ert.10098 [Google Scholar]
  99. Durst, S., Edvardsson, I.R. and Bruns, G. (2015). Knowledge Retention in SMEs – Insights into the building and construction industry. In: G.S. and V.A.J.C. Spender (eds.), Culture, Innovation and Entrepreneurship: connecting the knowledge dots. Matera: Institute of Knowledge Asset Management (IKAM). [Google Scholar]
  100. Durst, S. and Wilhelm, S. (2011). Knowledge management in practice: insights into a medium-sized enterprise’s exposure to knowledge loss. Prometheus, 29(1): 23–38, https://doi.org/10.1080/08109028.2011.565693 [Google Scholar]
  101. Durst, S. and Zieba, M. (2017). Knowledge Risks – Towards a Taxonomy. International Journal of Business Environment (forthcoming), https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBE.2017.084705 [Google Scholar]
  102. Eckardt, R., Skaggs, B.C. and Youndt, M. (2014). Turnover and knowledge loss: An examination of the differential impact of production manager and worker turnover in service and manufacturing frms. Journal of Management Studies, 51(7): 1025–1057, https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12096 [Google Scholar]
  103. Edvardsson, I.R. (2006). Knowledge management in SMEs: the case of Icelandic frms. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 4(4): 275–282, https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500111 [Google Scholar]
  104. Edvardsson, I.R. (2009). Is knowledge management losing ground? Development among Icelandic SMEs. Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 7(1): 91–99, https://doi.org/10.1057/kmrp.2008.30 [Google Scholar]
  105. Fereday, J. and Muir-Cochrane, E. (2006). Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: a hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(1): 80–92, https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107 [Google Scholar]
  106. Ferenhof, H., Durst, S. and Selig, P. (2015). Knowledge Waste in Organizations: a Review of Previous Studies. Brazilian Journal of Operations & Production Management, 12(1): 160–178, https://doi.org/10.14488/BJOPM.2015.v12.n1.a15 [Google Scholar]
  107. Gharajedaghi, J. (2007). Systems thinking: a case for second-order-learning. The Learning Organization, 14(6): 473–479, https://doi.org/10.1108/09696470710825088 [Google Scholar]
  108. Gold, H.A., Malhotra, A., and Albert, S. (2001). Knowledge Management: An Organizational Capabilities Perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(1): 185–214, https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2001.11045669 [Google Scholar]
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APA style

Zięba, Małgorzata (2017). Zięba, M.. (2017). Knowledge Safety – Insights from the SME Sector. Central European Management Journal, 25(3), 78-96. https://doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.203 (Original work published 2017)

MLA style

Zięba, Małgorzata. Zięba, M.. „Knowledge Safety – Insights From The Sme Sector”. 2017. Central European Management Journal, t. 25, nr 3, 2017, ss. 78-96.

Chicago style

Zięba, Małgorzata. Zięba, Małgorzata . „Knowledge Safety – Insights From The Sme Sector”. Central European Management Journal, Central European Management Journal, 25, nr 3 (2017): 78-96. doi:10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.203.

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