Wide definition of “employment income” set out in Polish Personal Income Act of 26 July 1991 makes it challenging for the tax authorities and administrative courts to qualify remuneration items as taxable income. A special attention is focused on benefits in-kind which can include expenditure on travel, board and lodging for posted workers.
So far the well-rooted line of case law, based on domestic tax and labor law regulations in Poland, inclined treatment of such benefits in-kind as employment income of posted workers.
The analyzed judgment by the Supreme Administrative Court is of ground-breaking nature, considering the obligations of posting employer lined in the Directive 96/71/EC and Directive (EU) 2018/957 amending Directive 96/71/EC – both concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services.

The purpose of this article is to present two tax preferences, in force from 1 January 2022, dedicated to taxpayers transferring their residence to Poland. Their way of design is an incentive to become a Polish tax resident, and their introduction to Polish income tax is justified by both economic and demographic reasons. The first of the instruments is a lump-sum tax on foreign revenue amounting to PLN 200,000, addressed mainly to natural persons with very high foreign income (high net worth individuals), who are ready to allocate significant funds for the implementation of socially beneficial projects. The second instrument stimulating the transfer of residence is the tax exemption due to the return to the country, which can be considered a type of ‘tax holiday’, as selected domestic income during the four tax years from the transfer of tax residence is subject to a limited tax exemption. The article indicates the stimulating nature of both concepts by analysing the conditions for their application in the context of a deviation from standard taxation rules. Moreover, the paper indicates that similar solutions are also applied in other countries.

The subject of this article is the analysis of reasons and results of determining as well as changing tax residence in the light of Polish personal income tax. This topic underlies a broad concept of migration, especially that of profit-driven character. The author presents this research issue on the basis of the current legislation, doctrine as well as practice of applying the law by the judiciary and the tax autho-rities. The analysis of the valid regulations of tax law leads to the conclusion that the fiscal situation of migrants is so diversified as well as complicated from the legal point of view that it raises justified practical doubts. It is assumed that tax residence is dynamic and thus may change as a result of both intended and unin-tended taxpayers’ actions which may have specific tax law effects. They are reflected not only in tax preferences but also in obligations concerning tax settlements. Apart from ordinary tax consequences of determining or changing tax residence, the author relates also to particular legal solutions such as: exit tax, taxation of foreign controlled companies or appliance of the provisions of Multilateral Convention (MLI). The described issues are significant for both theory and practice of tax law application.