La Constitución Política colombiana de 1991 estableció un Estado social de Derecho fundado en un diseño constitucional, el cual implica un sistema de frenos y contra-pesos para el ejercicio del poder. Desde una perspectiva formalista, se trata de un aporte importante para que las decisiones estatales respondan a un equilibrio entre diferentes exigencias que en últimas beneficien al interés general sobre el particular. Sin embargo, desde una perspectiva antiformalista se evidencian fenómenos políticos que ponen en riesgo un diseño aparentemente plausible; las prácticas políti-cas tienden a beneficiar el interés particular sobre el general. Se trata de un fenó-meno recurrente en la realidad colombiana, en donde parece existir un riesgo para la plena materialización de los postulados ponderados de los frenos y contrapesos para el Estado constitucional de derecho.

The issue of online sexual exploitation of children is a growing concern worldwide, and there is a pressing need to strengthen legal protection measures for children. International laws and conventions have been established to protect children from online sexual exploitation, but the enforcement of these laws faces several challen-ges, such as the difficulty of identifying perpetrators and the lack of resources and expertise in law enforcement agencies. Additionally, cultural and social norms may discourage children from reporting incidents of online sexual exploitation. However, there are prospects for improving legal protection measures, such as through increased international cooperation and coordination, awareness-raising campaigns, and capacity-building for law enforcement agencies. Overall, address-ing the issue of online sexual exploitation of children requires a multifaceted approach involving legal, social, and technological measures.

Since 1 December 2021, the rule applicable in bankruptcy proceedings has been that all pleadings and documents are filed exclusively via the IT system supporting court proceedings using the forms available in this system. An exception to this rule is inter alia a natural person’s right to file a request to declare personal bankruptcy and all pleadings and documents without using the system. The publication analyses whether this entitlement is granted to a natural person only in bankruptcy proceedings or in bankruptcy proceedings conducted after the declaration of bankruptcy.

The process of advancement of artificial intelligence (hereinafter: AI) seen in recent years results in breakthroughs in many areas of human life, such as medicine, agriculture, and science. However, despite its many advantages and benefits, it also inevitably creates room for abuse. This is particularly true of child pornography, where AI systems are increasingly being used to generate nude images of minors — both existing in reality and fictional. These cases, given much attention in the public debate, cause doubts as to whether existing normative solutions are suitable to combat this new phenomenon. The article aims to answer the question of whether the existing law makes it possible to successfully prosecute perpetrators who use AI systems to generate child pornography (including that depicting fictional characters). In addition, it also offers an analysis of the criminal liability of the developers of the AI systems used in this process and of the hosting providers managing the websites used to distribute such pornographic content.

The process of advancement of artificial intelligence (hereinafter: AI) seen in recent years results in breakthroughs in many areas of human life, such as medicine, agriculture, and science. However, despite its many advantages and benefits, it also inevitably creates room for abuse. This is particularly true of child pornography, where AI systems are increasingly being used to generate nude images of minors – both existing in reality and fictional. These cases, given much attention in the public debate, cause doubts as to whether existing normative solutions are suitable to combat this new phenomenon. The article aims to answer the question of whether the existing law makes it possible to successfully prosecute perpetrators who use AI systems to generate child pornography (including that depicting fictional charac-ters). In addition, it also offers an analysis of the criminal liability of the developers of the AI systems used in this process and of the hosting providers managing the websites used to distribute such pornographic content.

This study aimed to investigate the barriers to responsible interaction between the global employer, technology provider, and trade union to realize the postulate of ethical artificial intelligence in the algorithmic management process. To overcome the barriers, this study offers a pedagogical explanation based on a universal schema for shaping a machine-learning model.

This article examines the jurisdictional status of the internet. Because of the underly-ing nature of technology, nations cannot effectively monitor online transactions that originate or conclude within their borders. Governments can seek to enforce their laws within the constraints of their physical, geographical, and political domains as defined by an atlas, but a borderless cyberworld regulated by fast--expanding technology has a variety of challenges. This study sheds light on those challenges, the jurisdiction for parties to suit, the remedies accessible to them, and the territorial concerns discussed in various domestic courts. It also focuses on the pressures on stakeholders to act, as well as the economic, human rights, and techno-logical infrastructure implications of jurisdictional concerns. In general, jurisdictional issues on the internet have resulted in haphazard and unrestricted jurisdictional implementations, and this article emphasizes the territorial difficulties of internet administration and its direct influence on many nations and elements.

Simplified proceedings, such as immediate coercion and direct coercion, are the subject of consideration in this study. The discussion focuses on the essence and aspects of proceedings referred to in Article 117 and 150 § 3 of the Act of 17 June 1966 on enforcement proceedings in administration. The aim of the research is to attempt to evaluate simplified proceedings as a tool in the system of protection of the most important human values.
The research mainly used the legal-dogmatic method of interpreting the content and ordering the legal structure. The analytical method was also applied, by means of which analyses were made of legal provisions concerning the basis for the appli-cation of the simplified procedures in administrative enforcement proceedings.
From the conducted research, it is clear that the primary goal of these proceed-ings is to counteract the indicated threats. The collected research material allowed confirming the thesis and presenting a de lege ferenda motion regarding the necessity to amend Article 117 of the Administrative Enforcement Act. The changes should consist in waiving the necessity to serve a reminder to the debtor before applying this procedure. The provision currently in force omits such a possibility, and the waiver itself may be the result of the need to save important values in an emergency.

Simplified proceedings, such as immediate coercion and direct coercion, are the subject of consideration in this study. The discussion focuses on the essence and aspects of proceedings referred to in Article 117 and 150 § 3 of the Act of 17 June 1966 on enforcement proceedings in administration. The aim of the research is to attempt to evaluate simplified proceedings as a tool in the system of protection of the most important human values.
The research mainly used the legal-dogmatic method of interpreting the content and ordering the legal structure. The analytical method was also applied, by means of which analyses were made of legal provisions concerning the basis for the appli-cation of the simplified procedures in administrative enforcement proceedings.
From the conducted research, it is clear that the primary goal of these proceed-ings is to counteract the indicated threats. The collected research material allowed confirming the thesis and presenting a de lege ferenda motion regarding the necessity to amend Article 117 of the Administrative Enforcement Act. The changes should consist in waiving the necessity to serve a reminder to the debtor before applying this procedure. The provision currently in force omits such a possibility, and the waiver itself may be the result of the need to save important values in an emergency.

Educational quality assurance is among the most important issues in the organisa-tion and functioning of the higher education system. The higher education system in Estonia is closely linked to the external environment. Its characteristics and the quality of education are influenced by the standards of the entire education and science system and the socio-economic environment. In Estonia, these characteris-tics are strongly influenced by the implemented innovation policy, international cooperation and computerisation in the sphere of activities of public institutions including education, education and higher education. Quality assessments of higher education are organised and carried out by the Agency for Higher Education Quality in accordance with international rules. Currently, education quality assess-ment is carried out by the Estonian Quality Agency for Education, Eesti Hariduse Kvaliteediagentuur (HAKA). Its activities are highly rated in the work of interna-tional associations for cooperation in the field of education quality assurance.

Everyone’s personal dignity guarantees freedoms and rights irrespective of age, which means that they also apply to the child. The rights of the child emphasise his or her subjectivity and draw attention to his or her special status determined, admittedly, by dependence on adults, but not without freedom. Emphasising the rights of the child is a kind of compensation for the child’s legal situation due to his/her physical and mental immaturity and dependence. However, every human being, including the child, has duties in addition to rights, which remain in relative balance. In this way, they contribute to the formation of the child’s personality in a balanced way. Limiting oneself exclusively to rights and at the same time margi-nalising duties leads to a disturbance of this balance, the formation of attitudes of entitlement towards others, teaches laziness and lives at the expense of others. As it seems, it is therefore necessary to restore the balance between highlighting children’s rights and depreciating their duties.

Everyone’s personal dignity guarantees freedoms and rights regardless of age, which means these freedoms and rights are also granted to children. Children’s rights highlight children’s subjectivity and draw attention to their special status, which is, in fact, determined by the child’s dependence on adults, but is still not passive or submissive. This emphasis on the child’s rights sort of equalises the child’s legal situation which is results from their physical and mental immaturity and dependence. However, every human being – including a child – has duties in addition to rights, which remain in relative balance. Thus, they contribute to the formation of the child’s personality in a balanced manner. Focusing solely on the enjoyment of rights and simultaneously neglecting duties distorts this balance and contributes to the development of attitude of taking everything for granted, laziness, and choosing to live at the expense of others. It seems therefore necessary to restore the balance between the focus on children’s rights and the marginalisation of their responsibilities.

The study based on archival, published historical documents and other available information sources highlights the activity of sickness funds that functioned in Ukraine on the territory of modern Prykarpattia during the period of Polish rule in 1919–1939 (the Second Polish Republic, in Polish: II Rzeczpospolita Polska) as a prototype of health insurance. The analysis of these documents allows to deter-mine the peculiarities of the activity of these institutions in relations with society and the state, methods of financing, rights and obligations of the members of these organizations, specific features of the decision-making management, insurance cases and ways of compensation. The retrospective approach used in this study makes it possible to recreate the picture of the past in the field of health care in general and health insurance in particular, even with the lack of historical and legal sources of a certain historical period. Seeing the present through a peculiar prism of the past helps to dive into the inner life of the society with all its manife-stations and ideas contributing to better understanding of modern social processes. In other words, the longer you look back, the further you see ahead.

Mediation is an institution that has been in demand in all modern legal systems for the last twenty years as a fast, reliable and inexpensive alternative method in the resolution of commercial law disputes. Turkey and Uzbekistan are in a conti-nuous effort to ensure compliance with comparative law systems which are adopted by the EU and international legislation in the modern sense, including mediation. In Turkey’s case, specialization and institutionalization targets were envisaged regarding mediation. Codification frameworks devoid of systematic planning were carried out in order to achieve these targets. Contrary to the concept of mediation, the areas where mandatory mediation applies have been expanded. On the other hand, for Uzbekistan’s case, which accepted mediation six years after Turkey, in 2018, and did not adopt mandatory mediation, Turkey’s disappointing mediation experience can be regarded as a lesson. This experience is valid not only for Uzbe-kistan but also for all legal systems that include mediation.

Non-conformity of goods is the crucial matter in many cases on sale of goods. Usually, it is not difficult to determine conformity in the legal sense, when the parties have made express statements on that issue in the contract. Factual con-formity, by contrast, depends on the actual properties of the delivered goods. For the commercial buyer who typically plans to resell the goods, the actual conformity is a matter of practical importance. Conformity in a legal sense is more important in cases when the buyer wants to use the goods himself for an intended purpose.
The main objective of this article is to draw attention to the importance of specifying accurately the purpose for which the goods are being bought; the grade of quality or relevant standard as a pre-emptive measure for limiting the risk of receiving non-conforming goods in legal terms. The second purpose of this article is to compare the rules on conformity to see how they tackle the issue of allocating the risk for lack of non-conformity, and what the buyer can do to minimalize his risks. The article will start with an overview of English sales law, which has long served as the de facto international sales law for sales transactions. It then scru tinises the rules on conformity under the Convention on Contracts for International Sales of Goods (CISG). Finally, it compares all the relevant rules with Polish law.

Current transformations of the public sphere are changing the perception of forms of participation in democracy by citizens. Apart from institutional forms, non-insti-tutional forms should also be noticed, which are undergoing dynamic changes. The constant tension between the trust arising from the representativeness of democracy and the need of citizens to control those in power is reflected in the needs of vigilance, notification and evaluation. The public sphere thus becomes the theatre of citizens’ actions on different planes – from participating in rallies and initiating legislative procedure to manifesting views in street protests. The proposed study deals with the distinction between institutional and non-institu-tional forms of participation by citizens in democratic processes.

Despite unfavourable weather conditions for the development of vines in Poland, the number of vineyards, especially small, so-called “boutique” vineyards, is growing exponentially. The aim of the article is to show how the changing Polish and EU law helps or creates barriers for running this type of vineyards. The evalua-tion of wine market regulation from the point of view of the criterion of economic freedom and competition law is the main research objective of the study, and the formulated theses are referred to in the conclusions in the conclusion. The article is based on the sources, which were the laws and regulations in force between 1948 and 2022. The regulations creating barriers to the operation of boutique wineries include, among others, the regulations contained in the “Wine Act” of 2004 imposing a requirement on winery owners to have their own laboratory facilities, appropriate technological lines or obtain permits from the Minister of Agriculture. The current regulations are less restrictive for small wineries, which does not change the fact that there are still a number of barriers to their operation