en pl
en pl

Central European Management Journal

Show issue
Year 2017 
Volume 25 
Issue 3

Towards a Taxonomy of International Competitiveness

Małgorzata Żmuda
Cologne Business School

2017 25 (3) Central European Management Journal

DOI 10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.204

Abstract

Purpose: A wide range of approaches to defning, modelling, and measuring international competitiveness can be found in the scholarly literature across various felds of management and economics. Such number of perspectives enhances scientifc research, but confuses public debate. Despite certain defnitional ambiguities, there is a consensus that international competitiveness is a multi­ ­faceted concept that should be analysed at different levels of aggregation: company level (micro), industry/cluster level (mezzo) and national level (macro). This paper addresses international competitiveness at all three levels and tracks the interlinkages between them with the aim to fnd a common ground for understanding this economic phenomenon in a systemic perspective: as a complex whole.

Methodology: The paper constitutes an in­depth literature review, forming a basis for a new approach to categorizing the main perspectives on international competitiveness. A synthesis of the latest international competitiveness literature sources has been performed in order to categorize the existing approaches to defning, modelling, and measuring international competitiveness. Following Chandhuri’s and Ray’s (1997) two­dimensional classifcation approach (the level of analysis and the variable), the paper introduces new insights into the existing taxonomy of international competitiveness.

Findings: Based upon the developed taxonomy, the paper offers an interdisciplinary, multi­layered model of international competitiveness.

Originality: The offered fndings enhance the active shaping of modern competitiveness research directions to support the competitiveness policy on the regional and national level.

References

  1. Atkinson, R.D. and Ezell, S.J. (2012). Innovation Economics: The Race for Global Advantage. Yale University Press. [Google Scholar]
  2. Auzina­Emsina, A. (2014). Labour Productivity, Economic Growth and Global Competitiveness in Post­crisis Period. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156: 317–321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.195 [Google Scholar]
  3. Baily, M.N. (1993). Made in the U.S.A.: Productivity and Competitiveness in American Manufacturing. The Brookings Review, 11(1): 36–39, https://doi.org/10.2307/20080363 [Google Scholar]
  4. Barney, J.B. (1986). Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage? Academy of Management Review, 11(3): 656–665, https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1986.4306261 [Google Scholar]
  5. Barry, F., Panizza, A., de and Bogdanowicz, M. (2013). The knowledge economy, economic transformations and ICT in the EU25+: regional dynamics in the deployment phase. Case study: Southern and Eastern Ireland. Luxembourg: Institute for Prospective Technological Studies. [Google Scholar]
  6. Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A. and Maskell, P. (2004). Clusters and knowledge: local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Progress in Human Geography, 28(1): 31–56, https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph469oa [Google Scholar]
  7. Bellak, C.J. and Weiss, A. (1993). A Note on the Austrian ‘Diamond’. MIR: Management International Review, 33: 109–118. [Google Scholar]
  8. Berger, T. (2008). Concepts on National Competitiveness. Journal of International Business and Economy, 9(1): 3–17. [Google Scholar]
  9. Berger, T. and Bristow, G. (2009). Competitiveness and the Benchmarking of Nations – A Critical Reflection. International Advances in Economic Research, 15(4): 378–392, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294­009­9231­x [Google Scholar]
  10. Bieńkowski, W. (2005). Instytucje jako czynnik konkurencyjności krajów postkomunistycznych: kilka uwag ogólnych dotyczących Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Warszawa. [Google Scholar]
  11. Boschma, R.A. and Lambooy, J.G. (1999). Evolutionary economics and economic geography. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 9(4): 411–429, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001910050089 [Google Scholar]
  12. Bowen, H.P. and Moesen, W. (2007). Benchmarking the competitiveness of nations: benevolence versus equal treatment. MIT Press Scholarschip Online, https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262013963.003.0006 [Google Scholar]
  13. Buckley, P.J. and Ghauri, P.N. (2004). Globalisation, economic geography and the strategy of multinational enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2): 81–98, https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400076 [Google Scholar]
  14. Bujancă, G.­V. and Ulman, S.­R. (2015). The Impact of the Economic Freedom on National Competitiveness in the Main Economic Power Centres in the World. Procedia Economics and Finance, 20: 94–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212­5671(15)00052­0 [Google Scholar]
  15. Caldentey, E.P. (2008). The Concept and Evolution of the Developmental State. International Journal of Political Economy, 37(3): 27–53. [Google Scholar]
  16. Cartwright, W.R. (1993). Multiple Linked ‘Diamonds’ and the International Competitiveness of Export­Dependent Industries: The New Zealand Experience. MIR: Management International Review, 33: 55–70. [Google Scholar]
  17. Castellacci, F. (2008). Innovation and the competitiveness of industries: Comparing the mainstream and the evolutionary approaches. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75(7): 984–1006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2007.09.002 [Google Scholar]
  18. Chaudhuri, S. and Ray, S. (1997). The competitiveness conundrum: literature review and reflections. Economic and Political Weekly, M83–M91 [Google Scholar]
  19. Chaudhuri, S. and Ray, S. (1997). The competitiveness conundrum: literature review and reflections. Economic and Political Weekly, M83–M91 [Google Scholar]
  20. Chesnais, F. (1986). Science, technology and competitiveness. STI Review, 1. [Google Scholar]
  21. Chesnais, F. (1991). Technological Competitiveness Considered as a Form of Structural Competitiveness. In: Technology and National Competitiveness. McGill­Queen’s University Press. [Google Scholar]
  22. Cho, D.­S. (1998). From National Competitiveness to Bloc and Global Competitiveness. Competitiveness Review, 8(1): 11–23. [Google Scholar]
  23. Cho, D.­S. and Moon, H.­C. (2008). From Adam Smith to Michael Porter: evolution of competitiveness theory (Reprinted). New Jersey: World Scientific. [Google Scholar]
  24. Chong, A. (2007). Singapore’s Political Economy, 1997–2007: Strategizing Economic Assurance for Globalization. Asian Survey, 47(6): 952–976, https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2007.47.6.952 [Google Scholar]
  25. Cohen, S.S. and Zysman, J. (1988). Manufacturing Innovation and American Industrial Competitiveness. Science, 239(4844): 1110–1115. [Google Scholar]
  26. Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128–152, https://doi.org/10.2307/2393553 [Google Scholar]
  27. Conner, K.R. (1991). A Historical Comparison of Resource­Based Theory and Five Schools of Thought Within Industrial Organization Economics: Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm? Journal of Management, 17(1): 121–154, https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700109 [Google Scholar]
  28. Daszkiewicz, N. (ed.) (2008). Konkurencyjność. Poziom makro, mezo, mikro. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. [Google Scholar]
  29. D’aveni, R.A. (2010). Hypercompetition. Simon and Schuster. [Google Scholar]
  30. Delgado, M., Porter, M.E. and Stern, S. (2014). Clusters, convergence, and economic performance. Research Policy, 43(10): 1785–1799. [Google Scholar]
  31. Dess, G.G., Ireland, R.D. and Hitt, M.A. (1990). Industry Effects and Strategic Management Research. Journal of Management, 16(1): 7–27, https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600102 [Google Scholar]
  32. Doryan, E.A. (1993). An institutional perspective of competitiveness and industrial restructuring policies in developing countries. Journal of Economic Issues, 27(2): 451. [Google Scholar]
  33. Dosi, G. and Soete, L. (1991). Technological Innovation and International Competitiveness. In: Technology and National Competitiveness. McGill­Queen’s University Press. [Google Scholar]
  34. Dunning, J.H. (1993). Internationalizing Porter’s Diamond. MIR: Management International Review, 33, 7–15. [Google Scholar]
  35. Dunning, J.H. (1998). Location and the Multinational Enterprise: A Neglected Factor? Journal of International Business Studies, 29(1): 45–66, https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490024 [Google Scholar]
  36. Dunning, J.H. and Lundan, S.M. (2008). Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy. Edward Elgar Publishing. [Google Scholar]
  37. Dunn, M. (1994). Do Nations Compete Economically. Intereconomics, November: 303–308. [Google Scholar]
  38. Fagerberg, J. (1988). International Competitiveness. The Economic Journal, 98(391): 355–374, https://doi.org/10.2307/2233372 [Google Scholar]
  39. Faucher, P. (1991). The State and International Trade: Technology and Competitiveness. In: Technology and National Competitiveness. McGill­Queen’s University Press. [Google Scholar]
  40. Flint, G.D. (2000). What is the Meaning of Competitive Advantage? Advances in Competitiveness Research, 8(1): 121–129. [Google Scholar]
  41. Fundeanu, D.D. and Badele, C.S. (2014). The Impact of Regional Innovative Clusters on Competitiveness. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 124: 405–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.502 [Google Scholar]
  42. Gleeson, A.M., Ruane, F. and Sutherland, J. (2005). Promoting Industrial Clusters: Evidence from Ireland, Multinationals, Clusters and Innovation, 89: 107–119. [Google Scholar]
  43. Green, R. (2000). Irish ICT cluster. In: Paper delivered to the OECD Cluster Focus Group Workshop, Utrecht. [Google Scholar]
  44. Gugler, P., Keller, M. and Tinguely, X. (2015). The role of clusters in the global innovation strategy of MNEs: Theoretical foundations and evidence from the Basel pharmaceutical cluster. Competitiveness Review, 25(3): 324–340, https://doi.org/10.1108/CR­09­2014­0033 [Google Scholar]
  45. Hodgetts, R.M. (1993). Porter’s Diamond Framework in a Mexican Context. MIR: Management International Review, 33: 41–54. [Google Scholar]
  46. Huemer, S., Scheubel, B. and Walch, F. (2013). Measuring institutional competitiveness in Europe, CESifo Economic Studies, 59(3): 576–608. [Google Scholar]
  47. Huff, W. G. (1999). Turning the Corner in Singapore’s Developmental State? Asian Survey, 39(2): 214–242, https://doi.org/10.2307/2645453 [Google Scholar]
  48. Huggins, R. and Izushi, H. (2015). The Competitive Advantage of Nations: origins and journey. Competitiveness Review, 25(5): 458–470, https://doi.org/10.1108/CR­06­2015­0044 [Google Scholar]
  49. Jagiełło, E. (2008). Strategiczne budowanie konkurencyjności gospodarki. Warszawa: Poltext. Johnston, L.D. and Chinn, M.D. (1996). How well is the United States competing? A comment on Papadakis. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 15(1): 68–81, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520­6688(199624)15:1<68::AID­PAM4>3.0.CO;2­H [Google Scholar]
  50. Karodia, A.M., Soni, D. and David, J.E. (2014). International Competitiveness, Globalization and Technology for Developing Countries: Some Reflections from Previous Research. Singaporean Journal of Business, Economics and Management Studies, 2(9): 25–34. [Google Scholar]
  51. Ketels, C. (2016). Review of Competitiveness Frameworks, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303522738_Review_of_Competitiveness_Frameworks [Google Scholar]
  52. Khondker, H.H. (2008). Globalization and State Autonomy in Singapore. Asian Journal of Social Science, 36(1): 35–56. [Google Scholar]
  53. Kojima, K. and Ozawa, T. (1985). Toward a Theory of Industrial Restructuring and Dynamic Comparative Advantage. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 26(2): 135–145. [Google Scholar]
  54. Kolasiński, T. (2012). Devious Competitiveness Paths of SMEs in sub­Saharan Africa: Selected Issues. Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, 5(118): 83–99, https://doi.org/10.7206/mba.ce.2084­3356.30 [Google Scholar]
  55. Krugman, P. (1991a). Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3): 483–499. [Google Scholar]
  56. Krugman, P. (1991b). Myths and Realities of U.S. Competitiveness. Science, 254(5033): 811–815. [Google Scholar]
  57. Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A Dangerous Obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73(2): 28–44. [Google Scholar]
  58. Krugman, P. (1996). Making sense of the competitiveness debate. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 12(3): 17–25. [Google Scholar]
  59. Landau, R. (1990). Capital Investment: Key to Competitiveness and Growth. The Brookings Review, 8(3): 52–56, https://doi.org/10.2307/20080166 [Google Scholar]
  60. Lewin, A.Y. and Volberda, H.W. (1999). Prolegomena on Coevolution: A Framework for Research on Strategy and New Organizational Forms. Organization Science, 10(5): 519–534, https://doi. org/10.1287/orsc.10.5.519 [Google Scholar]
  61. Liu, D. and Hsu, H. (2009). An international comparison of empirical generalized double diamond model approaches to Taiwan and Korea. Competitiveness Review, 19(3): 160–174, https://doi.org/10.1108/10595420910962043 [Google Scholar]
  62. Mahoney, J.T. and Pandian, J.R. (1992). The resource­based view within the conversation of strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 13(5): 363–380, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250130505 [Google Scholar]
  63. Martin, R. (2005). A Study on the Factors of Regional Competitiveness. Final Report for the European Commission. [Google Scholar]
  64. McGahan, A.M. and Porter, M.E. (1997). How Much Does Industry Matter, Really? Strategic Management Journal, 18: 15–30. [Google Scholar]
  65. Misala, J. (2011). Międzynarodowa konkurencyjność gospodarki narodowej. Warszawa: Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne. [Google Scholar]
  66. Molendowski, E. and Żmuda, M. (2013). Changes In Competitiveness Among The Visegrad Countries After Accession To The European Union: A Comparative Analysis Based On A Generalized Double Diamond Model. Comparative Economic Research, 16(4): 121–153, https://doi.org/10.2478/cer­2013­0031 [Google Scholar]
  67. North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press. [Google Scholar]
  68. O’Clery, N. (2016). A Tale of Two Clusters: The Evolution of Ireland’s Economic Complexity since 1995. Science, 317: 482–487. [Google Scholar]
  69. Olczyk, M. (2008). Konkurencyjność. Teoria i praktyka. Warszawa: CeDeWu. [Google Scholar]
  70. O Riain, S. (2000). The flexible developmental state: globalization, information technology and the ‘Celtic Tiger’. Politics and Society, 28(2): 157–193. [Google Scholar]
  71. Ottaviano, G.I.P. and Puga, D. (1998). Agglomeration in the Global Economy: A Survey of the ‘New Economic Geography’. World Economy, 21(6): 707–731, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467­9701.00160 [Google Scholar]
  72. Papadakis, M. (1994). Did (Or Does) the United States Have a Competitiveness Crisis? Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 13(1): 1–20, https://doi.org/10.2307/3325088 [Google Scholar]
  73. Papadakis, M. (1996). Confounding Productivity and Competitiveness: A Rejoinder to the Comment, ‘How Well Is the United States Competing?’ Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 15(1): 82–88. [Google Scholar]
  74. Pelagidis, T. and Mitsopoulos, M. (eds.) (2014). Unlocking Growth: Innovation as a Driver of Competitiveness and Prosperity. In: Greece. Brookings Institution Press. [Google Scholar]
  75. Pereira, A.A. (2006). Biotechnology foreign direct investment in Singapore. Transnational Corporations, 15(2): 99–123. [Google Scholar]
  76. Porter, M. (2013). The Irish Internet Cluster: Helping a Tiger Regain Its Stripes. Harvard Business School. [Google Scholar]
  77. Porter, M.E. (1980). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Free Press. [Google Scholar]
  78. Porter, M.E. (1981). The Contributions of Industrial Organization to Strategic Management. Academy of Management Review, 6: 609–620. [Google Scholar]
  79. Porter, M.E. (1985). Competitive.Advantage. New York: The Free Press. [Google Scholar]
  80. Porter, M.E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press. [Google Scholar]
  81. Porter, M.E. (1990). What Is National Competitiveness? Harvard Business Review, 68(2): 84–85. [Google Scholar]
  82. Porter, M.E. and Rivkin, J.W. (2012). The Looming Challenge to U.S. Competitiveness. Harvard Business Review, 90(3): 54–62. [Google Scholar]
  83. Postelnicu, C. and Ban, I.M. (2010). Some Empirical Approaches of the Competitiveness’ Diamond – The Case of Romanian Economy. Romanian Economic Journal, 13(36): 53–77. [Google Scholar]
  84. Prahalad, C.K. and Hamel, G. (1990). The Core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Business Review, https://www.profrandes.com.br/userfles/37e2f78e93b640608ec17b8de1b6d4b5.pdf [Google Scholar]
  85. Radło, M.­J. (2008). Międzynarodowa konkurencyjność gospodarki. Uwagi na temat definicji, czynników i miar. Czynniki i miary międzynarodowej konkurencyjności gospodarek w kontekście globalizacji – wstępne wyniki badań. Prace i Materiały, 284: 3–15. [Google Scholar]
  86. Redding, S.J. (2010). The Empirics of New Economic Geography. Journal of Regional Science, 50(1): 297–311, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467­9787.2009.00646.x [Google Scholar]
  87. Reiljan, J., Hinrikus, M. and Ivanov, A. (2000). Key issues in defning and analysing the competitiveness of a country. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Working Papers, 1. [Google Scholar]
  88. Reinert, E. (1995). Competitiveness and its predecessors – a 500­year cross­national perspective. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 6: 23–42. [Google Scholar]
  89. Roper, S. and Hewitt­Dundas, N. (2015). Knowledge stocks, knowledge flows and innovation: Evidence from matched patents and innovation panel data. Research Policy, 44(7): 1327–1340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.03.003 [Google Scholar]
  90. Rugman, A.M. and Verbeke, A. (1993). Foreign Subsidiaries and Multinational Strategic Management: An Extension and Correction of Porter’s Single Diamond Framework. MIR: Management International Review, 33: 71–84. [Google Scholar]
  91. Rumelt, R.P. (1997). Towards a Strategic Theory of a Firm. In: N.J. Foss (ed.), Resources, Firms, and Strategies: A Reader in the Resource-based Perspective. Oxford University Press. [Google Scholar]
  92. Runiewicz­-Wardyn, M. (2012). Tworzenie i upowszechnianie wiedzy w branży biotechnologicznej na przykładzie regionów Flandrii i Walonii w Belgii. Management and Business Administration. Central Europe, 5(118): 100–113, https://doi.org/10.7206/mba.ce.2084­3356.31 [Google Scholar]
  93. Samans, R., Blanke, J., Corrigan, G. and Drzeniek, M. (2015). The Inclusive Growth and Development Report 2015. Geneva: World Economic Forum, http://www.ledevoir.com/documents/pdf/davosinegalites2015.pdf [Google Scholar]
  94. Schwab, K. (2016). The fourth industrial revolution. World Economic Forum. [Google Scholar]
  95. Sharp, B.M., Bergh, D.D. and Li, M. (2013). Measuring and Testing Industry Effects in Strategic Management Research: An Update, Assessment, and Demonstration. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1): 43–66, https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112470847 [Google Scholar]
  96. Siebert, H. (2000). Zum Paradigma des Standortwettbewerbs. Mohr Siebeck. [Google Scholar]
  97. Siggel, E. (2010). Concepts and Measurements of Competitiveness: Toward an Integrated Approach. Dimensions of Competitiveness, 95. [Google Scholar]
  98. The Heritage Foundation (2008). Index of Economic Freedom 2008. Washington. [Google Scholar]
  99. The Heritage Foundation (2016). Index of Economic Freedom 2016. Washington. [Google Scholar]
  100. The Heritage Foundation (2017). Index of Economic Freedom 2017. Washington. [Google Scholar]
  101. Thompson, E.R. (2004). National Competitiveness: A Question of Cost Conditions or Institutional Circumstances? British Journal of Management, 15(3): 197–218, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467­8551.2004.00415.x [Google Scholar]
  102. Thore, S. and Tarverdyan, R. (2016). The Sustainable Competitiveness of nations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 106: 108–114. [Google Scholar]
  103. Tingvall, P.G. (2004). The Dynamics of European Industrial Structure. Review of World Economics / Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 140(4): 665–687. [Google Scholar]
  104. Trabold, H. (1995). Die internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit einer Volkswirtschaft. Vierteljahresheft, http://sowiport.gesis.org/search/id/gesis­solis­00204888 [Google Scholar]
  105. Van den Bosch, F.A.J., Volberda, H.W. and de Boer, M. (1999). Coevolution of Firm Absorptive Capacity and Knowledge Environment: Organizational Forms and Combinative Capabilities. Organization Science, 10(5): 551–568, https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.10.5.551 [Google Scholar]
  106. Van Egeraat, C. (2006). Spatial concentration in the Irish pharmaceutical industry: the role of government intervention and agglomeration economies. (NIRSA) Working Paper Series, 28. [Google Scholar]
  107. Van Egeraat, C. and Barry, F. (2009). The Irish pharmaceutical industry over the boom period and beyond. Irish Geography, 42(1): 23–44. [Google Scholar]
  108. Waheeduzzaman, A.N.M. (2011). Competitiveness and convergence in G7 and emerging markets. Competitiveness Review, 21(2): 110–128, https://doi.org/10.1108/10595421111117425 [Google Scholar]
  109. Waheeduzzaman, A.N.M. and Ryans, J. (1996). Defnition, Perspectives and Understanding of International Competitiveness: a Quest for Common Ground. Competitiveness Review, 6(2): 7–26. [Google Scholar]
  110. Waldby, C. (2009). Singapore Biopolis: Bare life in the city­state. East Asian Science, Technology and Society, 3(2–3): 367–383. [Google Scholar]
  111. Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource­based view of the frm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2): 171–180, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207 [Google Scholar]
  112. Wernerfelt, B. (1995). The resource­based view of the frm: Ten years after. Strategic Management Journal, 16(3): 171–174, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250160303 [Google Scholar]
  113. Williamson, O.E. (1981). The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach. American Journal of Sociology, 87(3): 548–577, https://doi.org/10.1086/227496 [Google Scholar]
  114. Winsor, R.D. (1998). Regional Integration and Competition from a Biogeographic Perspective: An Extension and Elaboration of Organization Ecology. Journal of Competitiveness Studies, 6(1): 30. [Google Scholar]
  115. Winsor, R., Sibeck, G. and Rody, R. (1996). Regional integration agreements and the borderless market: Lessons from history. Competitiveness Review, 6(1): 59–67. [Google Scholar]
  116. Wojtyna, A. (2008). O badaniach nad głębszymi przyczynami wzrostu gospodarczego. In: R. Rapacki (ed.), Wzrost gospodarczy w krajach transformacji. Konwergencja czy dywergencja? Warszawa: PWE. [Google Scholar]
  117. Wysokińska, Z. (2012). Konkurencyjność w międzynarodowym i globalnym handlu towarami technologicznie intensywnymi (high­tech). Studia Europejskie, 1: 127–146. [Google Scholar]
  118. Zahra, S.A. (1999). The changing rules of global competitiveness in the 21st century. The Academy of Management Executive, 13(1): 36–42. [Google Scholar]
  119. Żmuda, M. (2016a). Evaluating sustainability and transferability of the ‘Singaporean Competitiveness Model’: Lessons for the catching­up European states. Research Papers of Wroclaw University of Economics, 447: 111–123. [Google Scholar]
  120. Żmuda, M. (2016b). Strategie pobudzania konkurencyjności Singapuru i Irlandii w świetle koncepcji państwa rozwojowego – wnioski dla gospodarek doganiających. Studia i Materiały. Miscellaena Oeconomicae, 3. [Google Scholar]
  121. Żmuda, M. and Molendowski, E. (2016). W poszukiwaniu istoty konkurencyjności gospodarki narodowej: studium interdyscyplinarne. Finanse, rynki Finansowe, ubezpieczenia, 81(3): 323–333. [Google Scholar]
  122. Zorzi, M.C. and Schnatz, B. (2010). Explaining and Forecasting Euro Area Exports: Which Competitiveness Indicator Performs Best? In: Dimensions of Competitiveness. MIT Press. [Google Scholar]

Full metadata record

Cite this record

APA style

Żmuda, Małgorzata (2017). Żmuda, M.. (2017). Towards a Taxonomy of International Competitiveness. Central European Management Journal, 25(3), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.204 (Original work published 2017)

MLA style

Żmuda, Małgorzata. Żmuda, M.. “Towards A Taxonomy Of International Competitiveness”. 2017. Central European Management Journal, vol. 25, no. 3, 2017, pp. 97-116.

Chicago style

Żmuda, Małgorzata. Żmuda, Małgorzata . “Towards A Taxonomy Of International Competitiveness”. Central European Management Journal, Central European Management Journal, 25, no. 3 (2017): 97-116. doi:10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.204.