The dividend policy is one of the most important issues for the company’s management. Nowadays banks play a key role in the development of the country, its GDP growth and citizens’ wellbeing. The paying of dividends to the owners is directly connected with the strategy and further bank’s development, so it is important to understand the determinants of dividend payout ratio. The main goal of this research is to examine the factors influencing payment of cash dividends by banks in Poland. The database of the study consists the financial data for the period of 5 years (from 2014 to 2018) for 15 banks listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The researcher used the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model to explore the determinants of dividend payout ratio. The six regression models were considered. Profitability, size, leverage are negatively related with the dividend payout ratio. The liquidity, volume of previously paid dividends, cash flow and corporate tax are unimportant from the perspective of dividend policy by Polish banks.

The Gambling Act of 19 November 2009 envisages administrative sanctions for entities operating in the field of gambling organized without a concession and for their participants. According to to the Act, a financial penalty may apply to persons acting as managers of slot machine games outside a casino.
The aforementioned Act does not however define the term of the manager of a slot machine game and yet the legislator uses this term i.a. in the provisions regarding the rules of liability. There are therefore many doubts on which entities a fine may be imposed, in particular taking into account the heterogeneous case-law and different interpretations of customs and tax supervisory authorities.
By means of a formal and dogmatic analysis of law, the author presents the most frequently criteria for recognizing a particular entity as manager of games of slot machines outside the casino to determine what entity the administrative and criminal penalty may be imposed on. In the opinion of the author, the issues raised in this paper are very important. She claims that the issues of responsibility shall be clear, understandable and do not lead to extension of t sanctions resulting from the provisions to entities not involved in gambling activities.

Recently, online platforms, such as Uber, Bolt, Free now, have revolutionised the transport services market. They broke the existing linear structure between driver and passenger becoming the third element on the way to enter into a contrach, sometimes in a far-reaching way interfering with the content of the legal act, the way the parties communicate or the amount of information they obtain about each other.
This article examines the legal status of online platforms within the framework of a triangular model of legal relations on the example of platforms involved in the conclusion of transport contracts. In particular, an attempt was made to answer the question whether it is possibile to assign to the operator of the online platform liability for non-performance or improper performance of an obligation which arised with the participation of the platform, and if so, under what conditions and circumstances may result in exemption from such liability. The resolution of this issue is crucial to the effectiveness of the redress and the exercise of rights by the contracting parties.
In order to find a solution to these problems, the author has analysed national and EU legal acts, judicature (e.g. the judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 20 December 2017 in case C-434/15) and regulations of leading online platforms associating drivers and passengers.

The article is devoted to the topic of protecting the rights of a foreign employee who works illegally in Poland. The thesis of the article is the ineffectiveness of current legal instruments. A foreigner is often forced to take up illegal employment, which is why it is necessary to examine the conditions and causes of this phenomenon. It seems that the underestimation of the significance of this phenomenon by state authorities and the lack of an adequate response by the legislator have a key impact on this.
To examine this issue, a survey was conducted on 50 randomly selected people, foreigners who have ever worked or are currently working illegally in Poland. On the basis of its results, the article presents the main reasons why foreigners take up illegal work, including cases of coercion, their exploitation and fraud, as well as what are the conditions of their work, namely, whether they comply with employee rights and human rights.
The analysis of the phenomenon gives grounds to believe that there is a need to strengthen the system of checking the legality of employment of foreigners. It is also necessary to consider whether Polish law should provide, as at present, fairly mild penalties for both the foreigner and the entity entrusting illegal performance of work.

The present study inquires into associative links between Labor Unionization, Salary Gap and Productivity. It was used an unbalanced dataset of the most capitalized companies for the research to be made. One of the main purpose of trade unions creation is to lower the salary gap within the business entity. As well as provide security and stability for workers. We explained this aspect not only through empirical analysis but also relying on the review of psychological literature about the needs of workers and people in general. Our empirical analysis demonstrates the higher the trade union representation, the lower the salary gap. Such findings may be explained by ‘tournament theory’. As it seems to be suitable to explain the phenomena for steep-hierarchy firms, which constitute the research sample. Finally, the employee productivity seems to be negatively associated with the trade union representation. A further inquiry into this problem seems warranted.

At a glance, compensation for harm as commonly associated with suffering of a natural person does not seem to fit the combination with a legal person. Adding to above the personal interests – which seem more like an attribute only of the human being, the topic seems to be detached from reality. Nothing could be further from the truth, since the institution of personal interests of a legal person and the consequences of the infringement are set out in art. 43 of the Civil Code (in conjunction with art. 24 of the Civil Code). The case law and doctrine views constantly try to explain what forms of an open catalogue of personal interests of a legal person can be dealt with which makes an attempt to use the claim a bit easier. I deliberately mention at this point an attempt to use the claim, because a kind of abstraction of this institution and still not many court rulings do not encourage making claims. Therefore, the aim of this article is to bring the institution of compensation for the infringement of personal interests of a legal person closer and to indicate the ways of using this claim, as well as to try to create a framework of the amount of compensation that can be obtained as a result of the trial. The above considerations are based on the analysis of the case law and doctrine views in this aspect.

On the wave of progressing globalization, international companies are deciding to offshore a part of the conducted processes outside the country. Operational or supportive activities that are not a representative role are normally relocated, but the company would not be able to function without it. This trend is also common in the banking sphere and is manifested by an increased relocation of the back office function to the newly created shared services centres. Recently, Central and Eastern Europe have become an attractive target destination for nearshoring, which is also associated with a clear growing trend of employment in service centres of banking, finance and insurance companies. Due to the high dynamics of development of the BFSI sector in Poland and the topicality of the topic, the author of the work focused primarily on characterizing this country’s market. The purpose of this article is to present offshoring banking in Poland and to attempt to identify effects of this process based on available sources and statistical data.

Over the past several years, social entrepreneurship has been recognized as one of the most powerful tools to achieve sustainable development. Since this relationship is relatively new in the literature, there is a need for deeper examination of its many dimensions. This paper aims at analysis of the current state of the phenomenon that is social entrepreneurship for sustainable innovations in terms of innovations, drivers, and measurement of its social impact. The research has been performed with a case study approach on one company, Fairphone, and resulted in demonstrating the existence of a positive relationship between a social enterprise creating sustainable innovations and achieving both a social and environmental impact. Moreover, the research allowed categorization of sustainable innovations that exist in the company, with reference to existing literature, creation an appropriate set of drivers influencing its actions (with new findings in terms of both internal and external drivers), and broad analysis of the social impact along with its measurement.

The subject matter of this article is a discussion of an error as a defect in declaration of intent and its impact. For this reason, the Author will examine concepts specified in the article 84 of Polish Civil Code and present their essence. Further, the Author enumerate conditions of an error and discuss them. For this reason it will be compere the legal terms - „legal act” and „declaration of intent”. In order to discuss this matter it is necessary to explain the difference between error – in narrow meaning – and mistake. The article discuss creating competencies which enables evading defective declaration of intent made under an error, i.e. defective declaration meeting conditions which do not render invalidity of contract ex lege. For this it is necessary to act erransa. In article it will be also indicated which are the differences of opinion in the scope of evaluation of materiality of errors, i.e. subjective and objective. Considerations shall refer to the interpretation provisions of declaration of intent. At the end it shall be made the reference to error as to the motivational sphere – in particular error as to the motives. Aforementioned conditions will be discussed and compared in doctrine and jurisdiction. The article will finish with de lege ferenda conclusions.

The article presents the use of modern technologies in the relationship between citizen and
public administration in the territorial self-government unit of the Legionowo county such as the
Jabłonna Commune Office. It is also, shows statistical data related to the number of inhabitants
who benefit from the technological progress that is manifested in the office. The main aim of the
article is to explore the increasingly popular e-government. An attempt will be made to analyse
modern technologies available for inhabitants of the commune, e.g. the level of availability of this
technology and the improve the work of the Office. Additionaly, the article will raise an issue of
security tools for communication between residents and the commune. The publication will analyse
the functioning of modern technologies in the Jabłonna Municipality Office. The article presents how
modern technologies in local government units’ function so far and whether citizen use available
solutions and how they influence work in office.
The aim of the analysis is to examine whether modern technologies are used in the everyday
life of citizens and inhabitants of rual borough. The publication will attempt to assess whether
the mentioned issues will reduce the bureaucracy problem in offices. The subject matter taken
up is important for the development of relations between citizens and public administration. The
knowledge acquired in this way should be a source of valuable information for IT employees, not
only of the above-mentioned commune office, but also for all other sectors of public administration.

The presented article comprise concisely the phenomenon of protection against harassment on
Facebook based on civil law regulations. Author analyse main aspects of law and freedom dedicated
to a natural person which are regulated by the legislator under the generally applicable law in
accordance with Article 87 The Constitution of the Republic of Poland and the changes introduce
by the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) 2016/679 of 27 April 2016.
The main aspect of this article is, therefore, how the natural person should assert their rights under
civil law regulation, of whose personal rights have been violated and threatened throughout hate on
a social networking site – Facebook.

The development and popularisation of modern Information and Communication Technologies
continue to have considerable impact on the functioning of a wide range of our daily life, particularly
when it comes to such an important sector as healthcare. The electronic medical records,
e-prescriptions or on-line medical consultations are merely a few practical application of ICT in this scope.
The article shows how the process of the e-prescription is being implemented in Poland and the
conditioning of the various legal and social aspects. Moreover, it challenges an analysis of legal
regulations concerning functioning of the e-prescription in Poland in comparison to the solutions
developed and accepted in other countries. The article uses example of the experience of
e-prescription in the European Union, as well as a chosen country from outside the EU.
The objective of this article is an attempt to evaluate if the solutions developed and applied in Poland
are more effective and safer in comparison to those functioning in other countries, or if it would
be more beneficial to explore the experience of the models in use in the analysed countries and
consider to implement in Poland some aspects of these solutions.

In the article, I will try to prove the truth of the hypothesis that the new business constitution
is far from the expectations of entrepreneurs and the theory of entrepreneurship. The legal and
comparative analysis will show that it contains minor modifications to the Act of 2 July 2004 on the
freedom of economic activity. It is even a significant recession in relation to the so-called Wilczek’s
Law, despite the fact that it was advertised as a return to liberal rules facilitating business operations.
The main limitation of changes is the Polish pension system and it must be strongly reformed for the
needs of enterprise dynamization in Poland. I would like to propose changes to this system so that
it would be conducive to the development of business and stopped the very likely bankruptcy of the
pension system, whose liabilities due to future pensions amount to nearly PLN 5 billion.

In the age of the Internet, social media are a constant element in many people’s everyday lives.
They are especially popular in the age group ranging from 18 to 24 years. Research dedicated to
the phenomenon of social media focuses on the promotion of brands on this type of communication
channels. Even though the topic of interactions between brands and customers in social media is
sparsely broached, it is important while considering building relationships with clients. The purpose
of the research conducted for this article is to show determinants and methods of young customer’s
interactions with brands in social media. The research was carried out with the help of an online
survey, created as an example of a quantitative method of analysis. The questionnaire was filled
out by 125 respondents in November 2018. Non-probability convenience sampling was applied
as a sampling methodology. From all respondents 115 individuals met the terms of this research
– young people (18–24) using social media. Findings presented in this article show the most popular
methods of interaction between brands and customers used on specific social media platforms, as
well as negative attributes of brand’s social media profiles that discourage other users from engaging
in interactions. In addition, research conducted for this article shows reasons for following brand’s
activity in social media.

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the phenomenon of anthropomorphization.
The research group included 30 children and 30 adults who visited a Copernicus Science Center and
had interaction with RoboThespian. RoboThespian is a humanoid robot that is programmed to do
everything that has been chosen by users on a special operator’s panel. RoboThespian is able to nod,
speak, gesticulate and express feelings. A research technique was a non-participation observation.
A researcher watched participants with no taking an active part. The differences between children
and adults concern communication with the robot and giving it name. Children gave the robot
a name, asked questions and waited for the answer, as well as expressed their feelings to the robot
such as happiness or anger. This can indicate assigning the robot consciousness and free will. Among
adults, there was no tendency to give the robot names, ask questions aiming to obtain an information
or describing feeling due to robot. In order to deepen the knowledge about anthropomorphization,
a second study was carried out by the researcher. The data aggregation method was a questionnaire.
In research was used a 14-position scale that described three types of features: positive, negative
and behavioral. Differences between children and adults were observed in features such as tactful
and creative. The tendency of anthropomorphization may indicate a greater openness on cooperation
with robots.

In recent times many regulations have been introduced in the banking sector. One of the key
areas subjected to thorough reforms is the procedure of calculation the capital requirements for
operational risk. The Basel Committee have already introduced the new Standardised Approach
(SA) which shall be implemented as of 1 January 2022, and will replace all the foregoing ones (BIA,
TSA and AMA), that were used to assess operational risk. Thereby one should explore how the
results using the former and future approaches would differ and whether the new one would have
positive or negative impact on banks. The main purpose of this case study is the evaluation of impact
which Basel’s Committee arrangements may have on Polish banks that have used The Standardised
Approach (TSA) in order to calculate the capital requirements for operational risk. All the data used
in the case study were gathered from generally available financial reports of Alior Bank SA. The
findings of the study support theoretical assumptions, that the banks which have used TSA approach
might benefit from the introduction of SA approach.