The paper aims at reconstruction and critical discussion with the main tenets of political theory of adjudication, as presented by Rafał Mańko in his book, W stronę krytycznej filozofii orzekania. Polityczność, etyka, legitymizacja [Towards a Critical Philosophy of Adjudication. The Political, Ethics, Legitimacy]. In the paper, I demonstrate: that the interpretation of the concept crucial for the entire theory – which is the concept of political – has been chosen by Mańko in an ideological and a priori manner; that the choice above effectively prevents the realisation of the main objective of the book, which is to legitimise adjudication; that the adoption of the ethics of adjudication advocated in the book is – in the light of the basic assumptions of that very publication – both improbable and hardly acceptable. Finally, I claim that Mańko’s theory, due to its totality, can distinguish neither between legitimate law and violence, nor between justified and unjustified adjudication. As a result, it loses its critical force. All these problems are not peculiar to Mańko’s theory, but they are general weaknesses of various versions of critical jurisprudence.

The purpose of the presented analysis is to position the new university model introduced by the Act of 20 July 2018 – Law on Higher Education and Science in the field of knowledge economy, which is a segment of the dynamically developing digital economy as seen today. Right now, we can see the paradigm of the resource determining economic development becoming redefined. While in the past it was land, followed by capital and labour later on, at present it is more and more about
knowledge – but in an institutionalised form. Such knowledge increases the significance
of intangible assets as the factor behind development, i.e. intellectual technologies. Research-education institutions play a prominent part in generating and accumulating this knowledge. Therefore, the position and the significance of universities in the structure of acquisition and transmission of knowledge becomes redefined. This calls for new methods of managing quality, staff, projects, and university funds to be implemented – which means, in general, a new operating
model for universities With its origins in a social-economic diagnosis, the article has been based on
a normative analysis of the provisions establishing the new university model and uses this analysis to attempt to reconstruct the methods of knowledge management and to verify its suitability for the requirements set by the development of the digital economy and of the knowledge-based society.

The article covers the notion of star wars, aiming to show that it is an idea describing the reality, not just a story (although often associated with one). The space policies implemented at present by different countries prove that space conflicts are still possible. Therefore, the security of the space activity pursued by various countries is compromised - not only in space but also on Earth. And although only some countries carry out space activity, the effects of this activity (be it civil or military) are felt by the entire international community. The militarisation of space is slowly entering a new stage: the stage of use of active satellites, designed to destroy pre- defined targets. This situation means that star wars are not fiction since it can happen in the future that feuding countries will be settling the conflicts arising between them in cosmic space.

Szwedzka ustawa zasadnicza Akt o druku z 1766 r. (Tryckfrihetsförordningen), pierwsza na świecie ustawa gwarantująca prawo publicznego dostępu do dokumentów państwowych, jest częścią konstytucji tego kraju i zapewnia dziś jak najszerszy publiczny dostęp do oficjalnych dokumentów. Akt ten stanowi podstawę tradycyjnego prawa szwedzkiego znanego jako Zasada jawności (offentlighetsprincipen), która odgrywa kluczową rolę nie tylko w zapewnianiu obywatelom prawa dostępu do dokumentów publicznych, ale jest także niezbędna w sprawowaniu odpowiedzialności ze strony urzędników rządowych i państwowych. Stosowanie jak największej przejrzystości przyczynia się do właściwego funkcjonowania liberalnego systemu demokratycznego, ograniczając jednocześnie korupcję i nadużycia. Rozwój przejrzystości i kształtowanie otwartego społeczeństwa sprzyja większemu udziałowi obywateli w społeczeństwie, wzbudza zaufanie do państwa – niezbędny element budowania skutecznego państwa, które ma służyć jego właścicielom, obywatelom – oraz przyczynia się do funkcjonowania rządów prawa i podnosi jakość demokracji.

Sweden’s Freedom of the Press Act of 1766 (Tryckfrihetsförordningen), the world’s very first legislation supporting freedom of the press and freedom of information, is part of the country’s constitution and grants today the widest possible public access to official documents. It forms the basis of the traditional Swedish right known as The Principle of Public Access to Official Documents (offentlighetsprincipen) and plays a crucial role not only in providing the right to access public documents, but is also indispensable in order to uphold public accountability of government and state officials. Exercising the widest possible transparency contributes to the proper functioning of the liberal democratic system, while curtailing corruption and abuse. Developing transparency and shaping an open society promotes greater participation of citizens in the society, encourages confidence in the state – an essential element in building an effective state that is to serve its owners, the citizens – as well as benefits the functioning of the rule of law and increases the quality of democracy.