Hans-Georg Gadamer claims that there are two keys to a proper understanding of the humanities. The first is the concept of Bildung, and the other – legal hermeneutics. This article is an attempt to apply Gadamer’s claim in the field of legal education. This application leads to three conclusions: a) the need to involve practice to legal education, b) the need for humanization of legal education, c) the need for an individualized approach to law studies.

The article aims to cover the issue of foreign entities having a “fixed establishment” in a given country. A phenomenon discussed at length in recent months, but one that entities conducting digital business seem to have not really explored in great detail in the context of determination of the principles of taxation of VAT transactions. In this article, we will attempt to analyse the definition of FE on the basis of both binding legal regulations and the existing Polish and EU judicial decisions. At the same time, we will try to answer the question about the impact of the practice of tax authorities pursued in the area of interpretation of the conditions for a FE to be established on the stability of tax settlements of taxpayers operating in the digital industry. In addition to that, the authors will also try to arrive at a balance among the current views on FE, which depict Poland from the tax administration perspective as a country with highly unstable tax practices, detached from logical arguments and unaware of the nature of business.

The article aims to cover the issue of foreign entities having a “fixed establishment” in a given country. A phenomenon discussed at length in recent months, but one that entities conducting digital business seem to have not really explored in great detail in the context of determination of the principles of taxation of VAT transactions. In this article, we will attempt to analyse the definition of FE on the basis of both binding legal regulations and the existing Polish and EU judicial decisions. At the same time, we will try to answer the question about the impact of the practice of tax authorities pursued in the area of interpretation of the conditions for a FE to be established on the stability of tax settlements of taxpayers operating in the digital industry. In addition to that, the authors will also try to arrive at a balance among the current views on FE, which depict Poland from the tax administration perspective as a country with highly unstable tax practices, detached from logical arguments and unaware of the nature of business.

Czarne listy sporządzone przez OECD są najbardziej wpływowym narzędziem w walce przeciwko rajom podatkowym. Dzięki swemu autorytetowi i przewodniej roli wśród międzynarodowych organizacji gospodarczych, używany przez OECD termin „raje podatkowe” zaczął być uznawany za negatywny. Kraje zareagowały na olbrzymi wzrost sektora rajów podatkowych poprzez wprowadzenie określonych przepisów prawnych i administracyjnych ograniczających transfery finansowe do rajów podatkowych, a także wytoczyły sądowe procesy o oszustwa. Głównym celem tych działań było zapobieganie temu, by lokalni podatnicy nie ukrywali swych dochodów w rajach podatkowych. By nadmiernie nie ograniczać zasadnego handlu międzynarodowego i transgranicznej działalności inwestycyjnej, krajowe przepisy wymierzone w raje podatkowe zwykle wyznaczają granicę pomiędzy działalnością rajów podatkowych a rzeczywistym biznesem międzynarodowym i stosują się tylko do tych pierwszych.