en pl
en pl

Central European Management Journal

Zobacz wydanie
Rok 2017 
Tom 25 
Numer 3

Cross-country Differences in Reporting Practices – the Case of Provisions for Liabilities

Katarzyna Klimczak
Warsaw School of Economics

2017 25 (3) Central European Management Journal

DOI 10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.201

Zawartość artykułu

Abstrakt

Purpose: The aim of the study was to explore and compare reporting practices on provisions for liabilities in different countries.

Methodology: The research was limited to the types of provisions that are addressed in the International Accounting Standard 37 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. For the purpose of the study, fnancial statements of the biggest public companies in Great Britain, Germany and Poland have been chosen to be taken into consideration. The following detailed issues have been explored: – Presentation of the types of provisions in a statement of fnancial position and additional notes to a fnancial statement, – Presentation of the amounts of provisions made, used, and reversed during a given period and the effects of changes in the discount rate, – Scope and quality of descriptions of the nature of obligations presented by entities. The results of the analysis have been viewed from two perspectives – the areas of compliance and non-compliance of reporting on provisions with IFRS have been identifed and a comparison of the extent of compliance with particular requirements between companies from different countries has been developed.

Findings: The results of the analysis have revealed that companies from selected countries demonstrate different levels of compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Substantial differences in the scope and the quality of descriptive disclosures on provisions have been also identifed.

Originality/value: The study contributes to the research on cross-country differences in reporting practices and indicates the need for a further analysis of the underlying determinants.

Powiązania

  1. Alexander, D., Archer, S., Delvaille, P. and Taupin, V. (1996). Provisions and contingencies: an Anglo-French investigation. The European Accounting Review, 5(2): 271–298, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638189600000017 [Google Scholar]
  2. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F. (2013). Accounting for Asset Impairment: A Test for IFRS Compliance across Europe. London: Cass Business School, https://www.cass.city.ac.uk/__data/ assets/pdf_fle/0019/160075/CeFARR-Impairment-Research-Report.pdf [Google Scholar]
  3. Ballwieser, W. (2001). Germany – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (ed.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  4. Barbu, E.M., Dumontier, P., Feleagă, N. and Feleagă, L. (2012). Mandatory environmental disclosures by companies complying with IAS/IFRS: The case of France, Germany and the UK: 1–28, DOI=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00658734/document [Google Scholar]
  5. Bischof, J. (2009). The effects of IFRS 7 adoption on bank disclosure in Europe. Accounting in Europe, 6: 167–194, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480903171988 [Google Scholar]
  6. Chand, P., Patel, C. and Day, R. (2008). Factors causing differences in the fnancial reporting practices in selected south pacifc countries in the post-convergence period. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 13(2): 111–129. [Google Scholar]
  7. Cole, V., Branson, J. and Breesch, D. (2011). Determinants influencing the de facto comparability of European IFRS fnancial statements, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967001 [Google Scholar]
  8. Cooke, T.E., Choudhury, M., Olusequn and Wallace, R.S. (2001). United Kingdom – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (eds.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  9. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, L. (2013). Compliance with IFRS 3 – and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company- and country-level determinants. Accounting and Business Research, 43: 163–204, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2012.711131 [Google Scholar]
  10. Haller, A. and Wehrfritz, M. (2013). The impact of national GAAP and accounting traditions on IFRS policy selection: Evidence from Germany and the UK. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & Taxation, 22(1): 39–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.02.003 [Google Scholar]
  11. Hatfeld, H.R. (1911). Some Variations in Accounting Practices in England, France, Germany and the U.S. Journal of Accounting Research, 4: 162–189. [Google Scholar]
  12. Holthausen, R.W. (2009). Accounting Standards, Financial Reporting Outcomes, and Enforcement. Journal of Accounting Research, 47(2): 447–458, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00330.x [Google Scholar]
  13. Joos, P. and Lang, M. (1994). The Effects of Accounting Diversity: Evidence from the European Union, Journal of Accounting Research, 32, Supplement: 141–168, https://doi.org/10.2307/2491444 [Google Scholar]
  14. Klimczak, K. (2013). Reserves in traditional and contemporary accounting. European Journal of Business and Economics, 8(2). [Google Scholar]
  15. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2010). International differences in IFRS policy choice. Accounting and Business Research, 40(2): 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2010.9663390 [Google Scholar]
  16. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2012). IFRS policy changes and the continuation of national patterns of IFRS practices. European Accounting Review, 21(2): 343–371, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2011.611236 [Google Scholar]
  17. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2013). International Variations in Tax Disclosures. Accounting in Europe, 10(2): 241–273, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2013.834733 [Google Scholar]
  18. Nair, R.D. and Frank, W.G. (1980). The Impact of Disclosure and Measurement Practices on International Accounting Classifcations. The Accounting Review, July: 426–450. [Google Scholar]
  19. Nobes, C.W. (1983). A Judgmental International Classifcation of Financial Reporting Practices, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 10(1): 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1983.tb00409.x [Google Scholar]
  20. Nobes, C.W. (2006), The survival of international differences under IFRS: towards a research agenda, Accounting and Business Research, 36(3): 233–245, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2006.9730023 [Google Scholar]
  21. Nobes, C.W. (2011). IFRS practices and the persistence of accounting system classifcation. Abacus, 47: 267–283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2011.00341.x [Google Scholar]
  22. Nobes, C.W. and Parker, R. (2012). Comparative International Accounting. Financial Times, Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar]
  23. Nobes, C.W. and Perramon, J. (2013). Firm size and national profles of IFRS policy choice. Australian Accounting Review, 23: 208–215, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00203.x [Google Scholar]
  24. Mueller, G.G., Gernon, H. and Meek, G. (1994). Accounting: an international perspective. New York: Irwin. [Google Scholar]
  25. Mueller, G.G. (1967). International Accounting. Part I. Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  26. Schultz, J.J. and Lopez, T.J. (2001). The impact of national influence on accounting estimates: Implications for international accounting standard-setters. The International Journal of Accounting, 36(3): 271–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7063(01)00103-0 [Google Scholar]
  27. Seckler, G. and Voss, Ch. (2003). Germany. In: D. Alexander and D. Archer (eds.), European Accounting Guide. New York: Aspen Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  28. Seidler, L.J. (1967). International Accounting – the Ultimate Theory Course. The Accounting Review, 42(4): 775–781. [Google Scholar]
  29. Stadler, C. and Nobes, C.W. (2014). The Influence of Country, Industry, and Topic Factors on IFRS Policy. ABACUS, 50(4): 386–421, https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12035 [Google Scholar]
  30. Sundgren, S., Mäki, J. and Somoza-Lopez, A. (2013). Cross-Country Differences in Disclosure Quality: a Study of Fair Value Disclosures by European Real Estate Companies: 1–37, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2546747 [Google Scholar]
  31. Wehrfritz, M. and Haller, A. (2014), National influence on the application of IFRS: Interpretations and accounting estimates by German and British accountants, Advances in Accounting, 30(1): 196–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2014.03.010 [Google Scholar]
  32. Zeff, A.S. (2007). Some obstacles to global fnancial reporting comparability and convergence at a high level of quality. The British Accounting Review, 39: 290–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2007.08.001 [Google Scholar]
  33. Alexander, D., Archer, S., Delvaille, P. and Taupin, V. (1996). Provisions and contingencies: an Anglo-French investigation. The European Accounting Review, 5(2): 271–298, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638189600000017 [Google Scholar]
  34. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F. (2013). Accounting for Asset Impairment: A Test for IFRS Compliance across Europe. London: Cass Business School, https://www.cass.city.ac.uk/__data/ assets/pdf_fle/0019/160075/CeFARR-Impairment-Research-Report.pdf [Google Scholar]
  35. Ballwieser, W. (2001). Germany – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (ed.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  36. Barbu, E.M., Dumontier, P., Feleagă, N. and Feleagă, L. (2012). Mandatory environmental disclosures by companies complying with IAS/IFRS: The case of France, Germany and the UK: 1–28, DOI=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00658734/document [Google Scholar]
  37. Bischof, J. (2009). The effects of IFRS 7 adoption on bank disclosure in Europe. Accounting in Europe, 6: 167–194, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480903171988 [Google Scholar]
  38. Chand, P., Patel, C. and Day, R. (2008). Factors causing differences in the fnancial reporting practices in selected south pacifc countries in the post-convergence period. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 13(2): 111–129. [Google Scholar]
  39. Cole, V., Branson, J. and Breesch, D. (2011). Determinants influencing the de facto comparability of European IFRS fnancial statements, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967001 [Google Scholar]
  40. Cooke, T.E., Choudhury, M., Olusequn and Wallace, R.S. (2001). United Kingdom – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (eds.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  41. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, L. (2013). Compliance with IFRS 3 – and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company- and country-level determinants. Accounting and Business Research, 43: 163–204, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2012.711131 [Google Scholar]
  42. Haller, A. and Wehrfritz, M. (2013). The impact of national GAAP and accounting traditions on IFRS policy selection: Evidence from Germany and the UK. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & Taxation, 22(1): 39–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.02.003 [Google Scholar]
  43. Hatfeld, H.R. (1911). Some Variations in Accounting Practices in England, France, Germany and the U.S. Journal of Accounting Research, 4: 162–189. [Google Scholar]
  44. Holthausen, R.W. (2009). Accounting Standards, Financial Reporting Outcomes, and Enforcement. Journal of Accounting Research, 47(2): 447–458, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00330.x [Google Scholar]
  45. Joos, P. and Lang, M. (1994). The Effects of Accounting Diversity: Evidence from the European Union, Journal of Accounting Research, 32, Supplement: 141–168, https://doi.org/10.2307/2491444 [Google Scholar]
  46. Klimczak, K. (2013). Reserves in traditional and contemporary accounting. European Journal of Business and Economics, 8(2). [Google Scholar]
  47. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2010). International differences in IFRS policy choice. Accounting and Business Research, 40(2): 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2010.9663390 [Google Scholar]
  48. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2012). IFRS policy changes and the continuation of national patterns of IFRS practices. European Accounting Review, 21(2): 343–371, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2011.611236 [Google Scholar]
  49. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2013). International Variations in Tax Disclosures. Accounting in Europe, 10(2): 241–273, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2013.834733 [Google Scholar]
  50. Nair, R.D. and Frank, W.G. (1980). The Impact of Disclosure and Measurement Practices on International Accounting Classifcations. The Accounting Review, July: 426–450. [Google Scholar]
  51. Nobes, C.W. (1983). A Judgmental International Classifcation of Financial Reporting Practices, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 10(1): 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1983.tb00409.x [Google Scholar]
  52. Nobes, C.W. (2006), The survival of international differences under IFRS: towards a research agenda, Accounting and Business Research, 36(3): 233–245, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2006.9730023 [Google Scholar]
  53. Nobes, C.W. (2011). IFRS practices and the persistence of accounting system classifcation. Abacus, 47: 267–283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2011.00341.x [Google Scholar]
  54. Nobes, C.W. and Parker, R. (2012). Comparative International Accounting. Financial Times, Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar]
  55. Nobes, C.W. and Perramon, J. (2013). Firm size and national profles of IFRS policy choice. Australian Accounting Review, 23: 208–215, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00203.x [Google Scholar]
  56. Mueller, G.G., Gernon, H. and Meek, G. (1994). Accounting: an international perspective. New York: Irwin. [Google Scholar]
  57. Mueller, G.G. (1967). International Accounting. Part I. Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  58. Schultz, J.J. and Lopez, T.J. (2001). The impact of national influence on accounting estimates: Implications for international accounting standard-setters. The International Journal of Accounting, 36(3): 271–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7063(01)00103-0 [Google Scholar]
  59. Seckler, G. and Voss, Ch. (2003). Germany. In: D. Alexander and D. Archer (eds.), European Accounting Guide. New York: Aspen Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  60. Seidler, L.J. (1967). International Accounting – the Ultimate Theory Course. The Accounting Review, 42(4): 775–781. [Google Scholar]
  61. Stadler, C. and Nobes, C.W. (2014). The Influence of Country, Industry, and Topic Factors on IFRS Policy. ABACUS, 50(4): 386–421, https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12035 [Google Scholar]
  62. Sundgren, S., Mäki, J. and Somoza-Lopez, A. (2013). Cross-Country Differences in Disclosure Quality: a Study of Fair Value Disclosures by European Real Estate Companies: 1–37, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2546747 [Google Scholar]
  63. Wehrfritz, M. and Haller, A. (2014), National influence on the application of IFRS: Interpretations and accounting estimates by German and British accountants, Advances in Accounting, 30(1): 196–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2014.03.010 [Google Scholar]
  64. Zeff, A.S. (2007). Some obstacles to global fnancial reporting comparability and convergence at a high level of quality. The British Accounting Review, 39: 290–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2007.08.001 [Google Scholar]
  65. Alexander, D., Archer, S., Delvaille, P. and Taupin, V. (1996). Provisions and contingencies: an Anglo-French investigation. The European Accounting Review, 5(2): 271–298, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638189600000017 [Google Scholar]
  66. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F. (2013). Accounting for Asset Impairment: A Test for IFRS Compliance across Europe. London: Cass Business School, https://www.cass.city.ac.uk/__data/ assets/pdf_fle/0019/160075/CeFARR-Impairment-Research-Report.pdf [Google Scholar]
  67. Ballwieser, W. (2001). Germany – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (ed.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  68. Barbu, E.M., Dumontier, P., Feleagă, N. and Feleagă, L. (2012). Mandatory environmental disclosures by companies complying with IAS/IFRS: The case of France, Germany and the UK: 1–28, DOI=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00658734/document [Google Scholar]
  69. Bischof, J. (2009). The effects of IFRS 7 adoption on bank disclosure in Europe. Accounting in Europe, 6: 167–194, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480903171988 [Google Scholar]
  70. Chand, P., Patel, C. and Day, R. (2008). Factors causing differences in the fnancial reporting practices in selected south pacifc countries in the post-convergence period. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 13(2): 111–129. [Google Scholar]
  71. Cole, V., Branson, J. and Breesch, D. (2011). Determinants influencing the de facto comparability of European IFRS fnancial statements, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967001 [Google Scholar]
  72. Cooke, T.E., Choudhury, M., Olusequn and Wallace, R.S. (2001). United Kingdom – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (eds.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  73. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, L. (2013). Compliance with IFRS 3 – and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company- and country-level determinants. Accounting and Business Research, 43: 163–204, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2012.711131 [Google Scholar]
  74. Haller, A. and Wehrfritz, M. (2013). The impact of national GAAP and accounting traditions on IFRS policy selection: Evidence from Germany and the UK. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & Taxation, 22(1): 39–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.02.003 [Google Scholar]
  75. Hatfeld, H.R. (1911). Some Variations in Accounting Practices in England, France, Germany and the U.S. Journal of Accounting Research, 4: 162–189. [Google Scholar]
  76. Holthausen, R.W. (2009). Accounting Standards, Financial Reporting Outcomes, and Enforcement. Journal of Accounting Research, 47(2): 447–458, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00330.x [Google Scholar]
  77. Joos, P. and Lang, M. (1994). The Effects of Accounting Diversity: Evidence from the European Union, Journal of Accounting Research, 32, Supplement: 141–168, https://doi.org/10.2307/2491444 [Google Scholar]
  78. Klimczak, K. (2013). Reserves in traditional and contemporary accounting. European Journal of Business and Economics, 8(2). [Google Scholar]
  79. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2010). International differences in IFRS policy choice. Accounting and Business Research, 40(2): 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2010.9663390 [Google Scholar]
  80. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2012). IFRS policy changes and the continuation of national patterns of IFRS practices. European Accounting Review, 21(2): 343–371, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2011.611236 [Google Scholar]
  81. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2013). International Variations in Tax Disclosures. Accounting in Europe, 10(2): 241–273, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2013.834733 [Google Scholar]
  82. Nair, R.D. and Frank, W.G. (1980). The Impact of Disclosure and Measurement Practices on International Accounting Classifcations. The Accounting Review, July: 426–450. [Google Scholar]
  83. Nobes, C.W. (1983). A Judgmental International Classifcation of Financial Reporting Practices, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 10(1): 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1983.tb00409.x [Google Scholar]
  84. Nobes, C.W. (2006), The survival of international differences under IFRS: towards a research agenda, Accounting and Business Research, 36(3): 233–245, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2006.9730023 [Google Scholar]
  85. Nobes, C.W. (2011). IFRS practices and the persistence of accounting system classifcation. Abacus, 47: 267–283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2011.00341.x [Google Scholar]
  86. Nobes, C.W. and Parker, R. (2012). Comparative International Accounting. Financial Times, Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar]
  87. Nobes, C.W. and Perramon, J. (2013). Firm size and national profles of IFRS policy choice. Australian Accounting Review, 23: 208–215, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00203.x [Google Scholar]
  88. Mueller, G.G., Gernon, H. and Meek, G. (1994). Accounting: an international perspective. New York: Irwin. [Google Scholar]
  89. Mueller, G.G. (1967). International Accounting. Part I. Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  90. Schultz, J.J. and Lopez, T.J. (2001). The impact of national influence on accounting estimates: Implications for international accounting standard-setters. The International Journal of Accounting, 36(3): 271–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7063(01)00103-0 [Google Scholar]
  91. Seckler, G. and Voss, Ch. (2003). Germany. In: D. Alexander and D. Archer (eds.), European Accounting Guide. New York: Aspen Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  92. Seidler, L.J. (1967). International Accounting – the Ultimate Theory Course. The Accounting Review, 42(4): 775–781. [Google Scholar]
  93. Stadler, C. and Nobes, C.W. (2014). The Influence of Country, Industry, and Topic Factors on IFRS Policy. ABACUS, 50(4): 386–421, https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12035 [Google Scholar]
  94. Sundgren, S., Mäki, J. and Somoza-Lopez, A. (2013). Cross-Country Differences in Disclosure Quality: a Study of Fair Value Disclosures by European Real Estate Companies: 1–37, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2546747 [Google Scholar]
  95. Wehrfritz, M. and Haller, A. (2014), National influence on the application of IFRS: Interpretations and accounting estimates by German and British accountants, Advances in Accounting, 30(1): 196–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2014.03.010 [Google Scholar]
  96. Zeff, A.S. (2007). Some obstacles to global fnancial reporting comparability and convergence at a high level of quality. The British Accounting Review, 39: 290–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2007.08.001 [Google Scholar]
  97. Alexander, D., Archer, S., Delvaille, P. and Taupin, V. (1996). Provisions and contingencies: an Anglo-French investigation. The European Accounting Review, 5(2): 271–298, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638189600000017 [Google Scholar]
  98. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F. (2013). Accounting for Asset Impairment: A Test for IFRS Compliance across Europe. London: Cass Business School, https://www.cass.city.ac.uk/__data/ assets/pdf_fle/0019/160075/CeFARR-Impairment-Research-Report.pdf [Google Scholar]
  99. Ballwieser, W. (2001). Germany – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (ed.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  100. Barbu, E.M., Dumontier, P., Feleagă, N. and Feleagă, L. (2012). Mandatory environmental disclosures by companies complying with IAS/IFRS: The case of France, Germany and the UK: 1–28, DOI=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00658734/document [Google Scholar]
  101. Bischof, J. (2009). The effects of IFRS 7 adoption on bank disclosure in Europe. Accounting in Europe, 6: 167–194, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480903171988 [Google Scholar]
  102. Chand, P., Patel, C. and Day, R. (2008). Factors causing differences in the fnancial reporting practices in selected south pacifc countries in the post-convergence period. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 13(2): 111–129. [Google Scholar]
  103. Cole, V., Branson, J. and Breesch, D. (2011). Determinants influencing the de facto comparability of European IFRS fnancial statements, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967001 [Google Scholar]
  104. Cooke, T.E., Choudhury, M., Olusequn and Wallace, R.S. (2001). United Kingdom – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (eds.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  105. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, L. (2013). Compliance with IFRS 3 – and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company- and country-level determinants. Accounting and Business Research, 43: 163–204, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2012.711131 [Google Scholar]
  106. Haller, A. and Wehrfritz, M. (2013). The impact of national GAAP and accounting traditions on IFRS policy selection: Evidence from Germany and the UK. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & Taxation, 22(1): 39–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.02.003 [Google Scholar]
  107. Hatfeld, H.R. (1911). Some Variations in Accounting Practices in England, France, Germany and the U.S. Journal of Accounting Research, 4: 162–189. [Google Scholar]
  108. Holthausen, R.W. (2009). Accounting Standards, Financial Reporting Outcomes, and Enforcement. Journal of Accounting Research, 47(2): 447–458, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00330.x [Google Scholar]
  109. Joos, P. and Lang, M. (1994). The Effects of Accounting Diversity: Evidence from the European Union, Journal of Accounting Research, 32, Supplement: 141–168, https://doi.org/10.2307/2491444 [Google Scholar]
  110. Klimczak, K. (2013). Reserves in traditional and contemporary accounting. European Journal of Business and Economics, 8(2). [Google Scholar]
  111. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2010). International differences in IFRS policy choice. Accounting and Business Research, 40(2): 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2010.9663390 [Google Scholar]
  112. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2012). IFRS policy changes and the continuation of national patterns of IFRS practices. European Accounting Review, 21(2): 343–371, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2011.611236 [Google Scholar]
  113. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2013). International Variations in Tax Disclosures. Accounting in Europe, 10(2): 241–273, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2013.834733 [Google Scholar]
  114. Nair, R.D. and Frank, W.G. (1980). The Impact of Disclosure and Measurement Practices on International Accounting Classifcations. The Accounting Review, July: 426–450. [Google Scholar]
  115. Nobes, C.W. (1983). A Judgmental International Classifcation of Financial Reporting Practices, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 10(1): 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1983.tb00409.x [Google Scholar]
  116. Nobes, C.W. (2006), The survival of international differences under IFRS: towards a research agenda, Accounting and Business Research, 36(3): 233–245, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2006.9730023 [Google Scholar]
  117. Nobes, C.W. (2011). IFRS practices and the persistence of accounting system classifcation. Abacus, 47: 267–283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2011.00341.x [Google Scholar]
  118. Nobes, C.W. and Parker, R. (2012). Comparative International Accounting. Financial Times, Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar]
  119. Nobes, C.W. and Perramon, J. (2013). Firm size and national profles of IFRS policy choice. Australian Accounting Review, 23: 208–215, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00203.x [Google Scholar]
  120. Mueller, G.G., Gernon, H. and Meek, G. (1994). Accounting: an international perspective. New York: Irwin. [Google Scholar]
  121. Mueller, G.G. (1967). International Accounting. Part I. Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  122. Schultz, J.J. and Lopez, T.J. (2001). The impact of national influence on accounting estimates: Implications for international accounting standard-setters. The International Journal of Accounting, 36(3): 271–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7063(01)00103-0 [Google Scholar]
  123. Seckler, G. and Voss, Ch. (2003). Germany. In: D. Alexander and D. Archer (eds.), European Accounting Guide. New York: Aspen Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  124. Seidler, L.J. (1967). International Accounting – the Ultimate Theory Course. The Accounting Review, 42(4): 775–781. [Google Scholar]
  125. Stadler, C. and Nobes, C.W. (2014). The Influence of Country, Industry, and Topic Factors on IFRS Policy. ABACUS, 50(4): 386–421, https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12035 [Google Scholar]
  126. Sundgren, S., Mäki, J. and Somoza-Lopez, A. (2013). Cross-Country Differences in Disclosure Quality: a Study of Fair Value Disclosures by European Real Estate Companies: 1–37, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2546747 [Google Scholar]
  127. Wehrfritz, M. and Haller, A. (2014), National influence on the application of IFRS: Interpretations and accounting estimates by German and British accountants, Advances in Accounting, 30(1): 196–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2014.03.010 [Google Scholar]
  128. Zeff, A.S. (2007). Some obstacles to global fnancial reporting comparability and convergence at a high level of quality. The British Accounting Review, 39: 290–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2007.08.001 [Google Scholar]
  129. Alexander, D., Archer, S., Delvaille, P. and Taupin, V. (1996). Provisions and contingencies: an Anglo-French investigation. The European Accounting Review, 5(2): 271–298, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638189600000017 [Google Scholar]
  130. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F. (2013). Accounting for Asset Impairment: A Test for IFRS Compliance across Europe. London: Cass Business School, https://www.cass.city.ac.uk/__data/ assets/pdf_fle/0019/160075/CeFARR-Impairment-Research-Report.pdf [Google Scholar]
  131. Ballwieser, W. (2001). Germany – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (ed.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  132. Barbu, E.M., Dumontier, P., Feleagă, N. and Feleagă, L. (2012). Mandatory environmental disclosures by companies complying with IAS/IFRS: The case of France, Germany and the UK: 1–28, DOI=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00658734/document [Google Scholar]
  133. Bischof, J. (2009). The effects of IFRS 7 adoption on bank disclosure in Europe. Accounting in Europe, 6: 167–194, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480903171988 [Google Scholar]
  134. Chand, P., Patel, C. and Day, R. (2008). Factors causing differences in the fnancial reporting practices in selected south pacifc countries in the post-convergence period. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 13(2): 111–129. [Google Scholar]
  135. Cole, V., Branson, J. and Breesch, D. (2011). Determinants influencing the de facto comparability of European IFRS fnancial statements, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967001 [Google Scholar]
  136. Cooke, T.E., Choudhury, M., Olusequn and Wallace, R.S. (2001). United Kingdom – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (eds.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  137. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, L. (2013). Compliance with IFRS 3 – and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company- and country-level determinants. Accounting and Business Research, 43: 163–204, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2012.711131 [Google Scholar]
  138. Haller, A. and Wehrfritz, M. (2013). The impact of national GAAP and accounting traditions on IFRS policy selection: Evidence from Germany and the UK. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & Taxation, 22(1): 39–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.02.003 [Google Scholar]
  139. Hatfeld, H.R. (1911). Some Variations in Accounting Practices in England, France, Germany and the U.S. Journal of Accounting Research, 4: 162–189. [Google Scholar]
  140. Holthausen, R.W. (2009). Accounting Standards, Financial Reporting Outcomes, and Enforcement. Journal of Accounting Research, 47(2): 447–458, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00330.x [Google Scholar]
  141. Joos, P. and Lang, M. (1994). The Effects of Accounting Diversity: Evidence from the European Union, Journal of Accounting Research, 32, Supplement: 141–168, https://doi.org/10.2307/2491444 [Google Scholar]
  142. Klimczak, K. (2013). Reserves in traditional and contemporary accounting. European Journal of Business and Economics, 8(2). [Google Scholar]
  143. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2010). International differences in IFRS policy choice. Accounting and Business Research, 40(2): 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2010.9663390 [Google Scholar]
  144. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2012). IFRS policy changes and the continuation of national patterns of IFRS practices. European Accounting Review, 21(2): 343–371, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2011.611236 [Google Scholar]
  145. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2013). International Variations in Tax Disclosures. Accounting in Europe, 10(2): 241–273, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2013.834733 [Google Scholar]
  146. Nair, R.D. and Frank, W.G. (1980). The Impact of Disclosure and Measurement Practices on International Accounting Classifcations. The Accounting Review, July: 426–450. [Google Scholar]
  147. Nobes, C.W. (1983). A Judgmental International Classifcation of Financial Reporting Practices, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 10(1): 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1983.tb00409.x [Google Scholar]
  148. Nobes, C.W. (2006), The survival of international differences under IFRS: towards a research agenda, Accounting and Business Research, 36(3): 233–245, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2006.9730023 [Google Scholar]
  149. Nobes, C.W. (2011). IFRS practices and the persistence of accounting system classifcation. Abacus, 47: 267–283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2011.00341.x [Google Scholar]
  150. Nobes, C.W. and Parker, R. (2012). Comparative International Accounting. Financial Times, Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar]
  151. Nobes, C.W. and Perramon, J. (2013). Firm size and national profles of IFRS policy choice. Australian Accounting Review, 23: 208–215, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00203.x [Google Scholar]
  152. Mueller, G.G., Gernon, H. and Meek, G. (1994). Accounting: an international perspective. New York: Irwin. [Google Scholar]
  153. Mueller, G.G. (1967). International Accounting. Part I. Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  154. Schultz, J.J. and Lopez, T.J. (2001). The impact of national influence on accounting estimates: Implications for international accounting standard-setters. The International Journal of Accounting, 36(3): 271–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7063(01)00103-0 [Google Scholar]
  155. Seckler, G. and Voss, Ch. (2003). Germany. In: D. Alexander and D. Archer (eds.), European Accounting Guide. New York: Aspen Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  156. Seidler, L.J. (1967). International Accounting – the Ultimate Theory Course. The Accounting Review, 42(4): 775–781. [Google Scholar]
  157. Stadler, C. and Nobes, C.W. (2014). The Influence of Country, Industry, and Topic Factors on IFRS Policy. ABACUS, 50(4): 386–421, https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12035 [Google Scholar]
  158. Sundgren, S., Mäki, J. and Somoza-Lopez, A. (2013). Cross-Country Differences in Disclosure Quality: a Study of Fair Value Disclosures by European Real Estate Companies: 1–37, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2546747 [Google Scholar]
  159. Wehrfritz, M. and Haller, A. (2014), National influence on the application of IFRS: Interpretations and accounting estimates by German and British accountants, Advances in Accounting, 30(1): 196–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2014.03.010 [Google Scholar]
  160. Zeff, A.S. (2007). Some obstacles to global fnancial reporting comparability and convergence at a high level of quality. The British Accounting Review, 39: 290–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2007.08.001 [Google Scholar]
  161. Alexander, D., Archer, S., Delvaille, P. and Taupin, V. (1996). Provisions and contingencies: an Anglo-French investigation. The European Accounting Review, 5(2): 271–298, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638189600000017 [Google Scholar]
  162. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F. (2013). Accounting for Asset Impairment: A Test for IFRS Compliance across Europe. London: Cass Business School, https://www.cass.city.ac.uk/__data/ assets/pdf_fle/0019/160075/CeFARR-Impairment-Research-Report.pdf [Google Scholar]
  163. Ballwieser, W. (2001). Germany – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (ed.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  164. Barbu, E.M., Dumontier, P., Feleagă, N. and Feleagă, L. (2012). Mandatory environmental disclosures by companies complying with IAS/IFRS: The case of France, Germany and the UK: 1–28, DOI=http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00658734/document [Google Scholar]
  165. Bischof, J. (2009). The effects of IFRS 7 adoption on bank disclosure in Europe. Accounting in Europe, 6: 167–194, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480903171988 [Google Scholar]
  166. Chand, P., Patel, C. and Day, R. (2008). Factors causing differences in the fnancial reporting practices in selected south pacifc countries in the post-convergence period. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 13(2): 111–129. [Google Scholar]
  167. Cole, V., Branson, J. and Breesch, D. (2011). Determinants influencing the de facto comparability of European IFRS fnancial statements, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1967001 [Google Scholar]
  168. Cooke, T.E., Choudhury, M., Olusequn and Wallace, R.S. (2001). United Kingdom – individual accounts. In: D. Ordelheide (eds.), Transnational Accounting. New York: Palgrave Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  169. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, L. (2013). Compliance with IFRS 3 – and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company- and country-level determinants. Accounting and Business Research, 43: 163–204, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2012.711131 [Google Scholar]
  170. Haller, A. and Wehrfritz, M. (2013). The impact of national GAAP and accounting traditions on IFRS policy selection: Evidence from Germany and the UK. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing & Taxation, 22(1): 39–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2013.02.003 [Google Scholar]
  171. Hatfeld, H.R. (1911). Some Variations in Accounting Practices in England, France, Germany and the U.S. Journal of Accounting Research, 4: 162–189. [Google Scholar]
  172. Holthausen, R.W. (2009). Accounting Standards, Financial Reporting Outcomes, and Enforcement. Journal of Accounting Research, 47(2): 447–458, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2009.00330.x [Google Scholar]
  173. Joos, P. and Lang, M. (1994). The Effects of Accounting Diversity: Evidence from the European Union, Journal of Accounting Research, 32, Supplement: 141–168, https://doi.org/10.2307/2491444 [Google Scholar]
  174. Klimczak, K. (2013). Reserves in traditional and contemporary accounting. European Journal of Business and Economics, 8(2). [Google Scholar]
  175. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2010). International differences in IFRS policy choice. Accounting and Business Research, 40(2): 173–187, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2010.9663390 [Google Scholar]
  176. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2012). IFRS policy changes and the continuation of national patterns of IFRS practices. European Accounting Review, 21(2): 343–371, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2011.611236 [Google Scholar]
  177. Kvaal, E. and Nobes, C.W. (2013). International Variations in Tax Disclosures. Accounting in Europe, 10(2): 241–273, https://doi.org/10.1080/17449480.2013.834733 [Google Scholar]
  178. Nair, R.D. and Frank, W.G. (1980). The Impact of Disclosure and Measurement Practices on International Accounting Classifcations. The Accounting Review, July: 426–450. [Google Scholar]
  179. Nobes, C.W. (1983). A Judgmental International Classifcation of Financial Reporting Practices, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, 10(1): 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1983.tb00409.x [Google Scholar]
  180. Nobes, C.W. (2006), The survival of international differences under IFRS: towards a research agenda, Accounting and Business Research, 36(3): 233–245, https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2006.9730023 [Google Scholar]
  181. Nobes, C.W. (2011). IFRS practices and the persistence of accounting system classifcation. Abacus, 47: 267–283, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2011.00341.x [Google Scholar]
  182. Nobes, C.W. and Parker, R. (2012). Comparative International Accounting. Financial Times, Prentice Hall. [Google Scholar]
  183. Nobes, C.W. and Perramon, J. (2013). Firm size and national profles of IFRS policy choice. Australian Accounting Review, 23: 208–215, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-2561.2012.00203.x [Google Scholar]
  184. Mueller, G.G., Gernon, H. and Meek, G. (1994). Accounting: an international perspective. New York: Irwin. [Google Scholar]
  185. Mueller, G.G. (1967). International Accounting. Part I. Macmillan. [Google Scholar]
  186. Schultz, J.J. and Lopez, T.J. (2001). The impact of national influence on accounting estimates: Implications for international accounting standard-setters. The International Journal of Accounting, 36(3): 271–290, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7063(01)00103-0 [Google Scholar]
  187. Seckler, G. and Voss, Ch. (2003). Germany. In: D. Alexander and D. Archer (eds.), European Accounting Guide. New York: Aspen Publishers. [Google Scholar]
  188. Seidler, L.J. (1967). International Accounting – the Ultimate Theory Course. The Accounting Review, 42(4): 775–781. [Google Scholar]
  189. Stadler, C. and Nobes, C.W. (2014). The Influence of Country, Industry, and Topic Factors on IFRS Policy. ABACUS, 50(4): 386–421, https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12035 [Google Scholar]
  190. Sundgren, S., Mäki, J. and Somoza-Lopez, A. (2013). Cross-Country Differences in Disclosure Quality: a Study of Fair Value Disclosures by European Real Estate Companies: 1–37, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2546747 [Google Scholar]
  191. Wehrfritz, M. and Haller, A. (2014), National influence on the application of IFRS: Interpretations and accounting estimates by German and British accountants, Advances in Accounting, 30(1): 196–208, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adiac.2014.03.010 [Google Scholar]
  192. Zeff, A.S. (2007). Some obstacles to global fnancial reporting comparability and convergence at a high level of quality. The British Accounting Review, 39: 290–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bar.2007.08.001 [Google Scholar]

Kompletne metadane

Cytowanie zasobu

APA style

Klimczak, Katarzyna (2017). Klimczak, K. . (2017). Cross-country Differences in Reporting Practices – the Case of Provisions for Liabilities. Central European Management Journal, 25(3), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.201 (Original work published 2017)

MLA style

Klimczak, Katarzyna. Klimczak, K. . „Cross-Country Differences In Reporting Practices – The Case Of Provisions For Liabilities”. 2017. Central European Management Journal, t. 25, nr 3, 2017, ss. 20-33.

Chicago style

Klimczak, Katarzyna. Klimczak, Katarzyna . „Cross-Country Differences In Reporting Practices – The Case Of Provisions For Liabilities”. Central European Management Journal, Central European Management Journal, 25, nr 3 (2017): 20-33. doi:10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.201.

Prawa autorskie

copyright info

CC-BY-NC-ND

Podobne artykuły: