In response to the implementation of the limitation of criminal liability of medical practitioners for actions taken to diagnose or treat COVID-19 under Article 24 of the Act of 28 October 2020 amending certain acts in connection with counteracting COVID-19 emergencies have arisen among doctors, as well as patients regarding the possibility of claiming for a potential medical mistake. The Act does not define clear limits of liability, and also does not provide a legal definition of the term “acting in special circumstances”. The article concerns the explanation of the construction of the clause and compares it with the construction of justification. It is intended to draw attention to the changes connected with the introduction of the Act. In addition, it tries to define the concept of “gross negligence of care necessary in the given circumstances”. The following part evaluated the impact of the Good Samaritan clause on liability in diagnostic mistake, therapeutic mistake, technical mistake, organizational mistake, informational mistake, as well as prognostic mistake.

The subject of the article is tax sanctions applicable to value added tax and their compliance with European Union law. The long history of tax sanctions shows the complexity of applying such regulations and introducing them in such a shape that they comply with European Union regulations and the principle of proportionality. The article focuses on indicating why the application of tax sanctions in the legal system is so important for the proper functioning of the state budget, but also presents problems related to the introduction of these rovisions of law into the legal system. The Polish provisions of the Value Added Tax Act allow for the imposition of an additional tax liability at four rates: 15%, 20%, 30% and 100%. Unfortunately, the currently regulated provisions do not allow for adjusting the sanctions to the facts of the case and what purpose they should meet. Numerous case law on the principle of proportionality clearly shows that when legislation on tax penalties is concerned, one should always be guided by whether their imposition complies with the proportionality criteria.
The breakthrough jurisprudence for the regulation of the additional tax liability in Poland was the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which clearly indicated the gaps and inconsistencies in our regulations. This clearly showed that changes should be made in the field of tax sanctions in value added tax in Poland.

Due to the development of new technologies, ever more machines and computer programs operate in a manner similar to people. The machines and computer programs are programmed to learn from experience and carry out specific tasks. Although new technologies are created to improve the conditions of human life, there are various risks associated with using them. Their potentially improper operation can be catastrophic. Consequences can include loss of funds, strengthening negative stereotypes, increasing economic inequality, and even the death of people. As a result, the creators of technologies based on artificial intelligence (hereinafter also referred to as “AI”) must make exceptional efforts to develop a concept of protection against such events at the design stage. These risks arise mainly in four areas: product liability, copyright, personal data protection and ethics. Misuse or failure of artificial intelligence can lead to damages, including loss of funds, property damage and even death. Therefore, it is necessary to answer the question of who will be liable for such events and on what basis the liability will be determined. There are also doubts with respect to copyrights to works created by artificial intelligence in the course of its operation. On the one hand, the program itself cannot create anything without source data. On the other hand, not all source data is valuable and it may happen that only the operation of AI creates a value. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate how much the source data contributed to the creation of the work and what the artificial intelligence itself contributed to. The issue of proper processing of personal data as part of the operation of artificial intelligence should be considered as well. Data such as the image of a natural person, their name and surname and other personal data are subject to particular protection. Nevertheless, due to the wide use of artificial intelligence, there is a risk of their violation. The use of artificial intelligence also involves risks in the area of ethics. In a given program, the creator can “plant the seeds” of his prejudices, creating or deepening social inequalities and negative stereotypes. The above risks may materialize in various areas of law. It can be both criminal law (e.g. when, as a result of a faulty operation of artificialintelligence, a person is unintentionally caused to die) and civil law (e.g. when, as a result of the operation of artificial intelligence, damage was caused and the injured party demands indemnification). At the same time, the area of artificial intelligence, being relatively new, is not yet subject to separate legal regulations. At the level of international organizations, various activities have been carried out for several years to identify potential risks related to the operation of artificial intelligence and to minimize them through the proposed solutions. The aim of this article is to identify the challenges related to artificial intelligence and to try to answer the question whether the designed solutions have a chance to answer all identified challenges.

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the threats posed by technological advances and digitization. In particular I focused on the analysis of the impact of technology on the human brain, the formation of addictions, decision-making, mental and physical disorders and business. Due to the wide spectrum of the analyzed phenomenon, I decided to write the paper based on available research and literature. The chosen method allowed me not to limit myself to a single aspect of technological development, but to examine threats more broadly, as a coherent whole.

Continuity of existence is crucial for every family business that is why the most important thing is a properly planned succession process. Unfortunately, only a few of those businesses succeed in completing this step. One of the ways to avoid the problem is by creating cooperation between the advisor and successor. However, family businesses are usually skeptical when it comes to using advisors’ knowledge. The main goal of the article is to highlight the successors’ needs towards the advisor. The material presents expectations, benefits, and barriers the successor may have towards the advisor. Outcomes given in this article are based on the empirical data gathered from the interviews with Polish family business successors. The research involved eight successors who meet important criteria of choice: each successor is before the succession process, wants to be a successor, and none of them has previously cooperated with the advisor. The major obstacles encountered during the interview process are the reluctance of some successors to reveal information related to the family business. However, it was possible to identify the full range of successors’ needs in terms of cooperation with the advisor.

It has been over a year and a half since remote work became a necessity introduced by many companies around the world to stop the spread of the COVID-19 virus. The word necessity is key here, because probably if it wasn’t for the outbreak of the global pandemic, the system of work, learning and many face-to-face meetings would never have experienced such a rapid digital transformation. The author focuses on comparing existing theories of remote management with the reality during mass social isolation. To investigate this phenomenon, the author conducts qualitative research in forms of case studies in the privacy of knowledge workers’ homes. The main outcomes of the work include the creation of a new work-life balance model based on remote work that can only be applied during social isolation, further recommendations for implementing remote procedures, and overall challenges of remote workers are presented. This paper is a summary of months of work in the pursuit of understanding how existing remote management theories can be transformed into practical, individual-centered action.

The development of technology enters every area of our lives. In the work environment, HRM tools and the use of business intelligence in human capital management are becoming more and more popular. Proper software of HRM tools and drawing knowledge from HR data gives enormous knowledge about what is happening in the organization – from the challenges faced by the company to the areas that build its competitive advantage. There are more and more aspects of management psychology and terms such as management neurosis, a combination of management sciences, neurobiology and psychology. The purpose of this article is to present HRM tool such as WinWinNeuroAnalytics, which allows to the analysis of employee reserve diagnostics in an innovative way. Efficiency among employees is one of the most important challenges of modern management. Having specific and measurable information about the company, it is possible to introduce it to a completely different, higher level of management. Big data in HR is an added value for the organization, allowing it to define the difficulties it is struggling with and providing information on the perception of phenomena taking place in the company through the eyes of its employees. Organizations are made by people. They are the ones who know their positions best and have knowledge about the factors that make theirwork difficult and determine their effectiveness. An effective company has a much greater growth potential, and thus more opportunities for development.

Celem artykułu jest analiza dostępności finansowania jednostek III sektora z funduszy publicznych. Pomoc publiczna jest kluczowa dla ewolucji trzeciego sektora. Popularność poszczególnych programów wsparcia wśród organizacji pozarządowych jest różna. Fundusze europejskie nie są aż tak istotne dla wzrastania instytucji trzeciego sektora jak dla rozwoju jednostek samorządu terytorialnego lub przedsiębiorstw prywatnych. Najważniejszą pulą pomocy publicznej dostępną dla organizacji obywatelskich są środki rządowe. Celem badań prezentowanych w artykule jest analiza finansowych instrumentów wsparcia publicznego. Badania weryfikują również adekwatność dostępnych linii finansowych w programach pomocy publicznej z celami jednostek sektora pozarządowego, które o nie wnioskują.

Mediation is the only method of the alternative dispute resolutions, that has found its place in Polish criminal law. Despite being in force for over 20 years, mediation is still used very rarely – in previous years the percentage of cases which were referred to mediation amounted to 0.16%. The main problems identified are the following: the low level of mediation acceptance by authorities which can refer a case to mediation, the time limits regarding mediation proceedings and the ineffective attempts to regulate possibility to discontinue of proceedings because of mediation. Article draws attention to problems that mediation is facing in Poland. They are confirmed, inter alia, in the Ministry of Justice reports. It also compares Polish legislation regarding mediation with selected indications from the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on mediation in criminal matters. The analysis of the above mentioned made it possible to critically evaluate current legal regulations in relation to applying mediation.

The dynamic development of the mass media, which has resulted in a faster possibility of information transfer by the media, has caused an increasing possibility of violation of personal rights. In spite of the obligation to respect them, the right of publicity is more and more often interfered with. Particularly vulnerable are people who are well-known and their life brings a lot of public attention. This article is an attempt to determine the content of the image right on the basis of the provisions of Civil Code and Act on Copyright and Related Rights. An exemplary catalog of infringements of the right of publicity based on the jurisprudence of common courts as well as the Supreme Court is also presented. The main part will show how the protection is provided to celebrities under civil law regulations, whose personal rights have been violated in connection with illegal promulgation of their image. Undoubtedly, a unique part of this article is the empirical part, which is a survey conducted among the actors of the National Theatre in Warsaw. The objective of the survey is to present the views of people commonly known related to the issue of the right of publicity.

The article is devoted to the problem of work & life balance in the context of female entrepreneurship. Finding the balance is a challenge for ambitious and educated women. The aim of this article is to identify the mechanisms of achieving work-life balance by women running business ventures. It was based on the analysis of conducted poorly structured in-depth interviews with women who run their own businesses. Conclusions presented in this article, based on the analysis of empirical data, allowed the identification of factors for achieving balance, and these include: support and assistance from loved ones, flexibility in time management, work that gives pleasure, appreciation of time for oneself, organization of the work area at home, freedom in the selection of co-workers.

The main objective of the article is to learn how customers perceive the family nature of family businesses in the restaurant industry. An additional purpose is to assess the available for family restaurants individual channels of communicating familiness.
A questionnaire survey was carried out using a research tool in the form of an internet survey. 133 respondents, selected for the sample in a non-random manner, took part in the study. The survey questionnaire was made available on social groups dedicated to gastronomy. Finally, 132 completed questionnaires were used for statistical analysis.
The results of the study indicate the values associated by the respondents with the family nature of restaurants run by families, as well as the motives for feeling additional value when using their services. In addition, the results of the study show the channels of communicating the familiness preferred by the participants of the study, available for family restaurants. Due to the non-random selection of respondents to the sample in the conducted survey, the survey results cannot be treated as representative. The predominance of people aged 18-26 participating in the study could also have influenced the distortion of the study results.
The conclusions from the study may be useful for family restaurant owners, who want to emphasize and promote the family nature of their businesses. In addition, the obtained research results may inspire other researchers interested in exploring the phenomenon of family business.
In the literature on the subject, can be found many studies on the subject of the image of family businesses. However, there are no sources that directly refer to the perception of family nature in the restaurant industry. The intention of this article is to fill the research gap in this field.

Celem artykułu jest poznanie sposobów postrzegania sukcesji przez millenialsów jako potencjalnych sukcesorów ich rodzinnych przedsiębiorstw oraz określenie kroków, które podejmują oni w ramach przygotowań do transferu międzypokoleniowego. Ważnym aspektem prowadzonych badań było także poznanie oczekiwań i obaw badanych millenialsów, które mają wpływ na chęć do przejęcia firmy rodzinnej. W celu eksploracji badanego fenomenu wykorzystano metodykę badań jakościowych, w tym technikę wywiadu. W badaniu uczestniczyło dziesięciu rozmówców – millenialsów – potencjalnych sukcesorów. Wyniki badania stanowią podstawę do poznania ich podejścia do przejęcia rodzinnego przedsiębiorstwa. Millenialsi, jako potencjalni sukcesorzy, są pełni obaw związanych z przejęciem firmy rodzinnej. Nie są jednak pozbawieni pozytywnych oczekiwań oraz odrobiny optymizmu związanego ze zjawiskiem sukcesji. Niezależnie od doświadczeń rozmówcy zgodnie opisywali proces sukcesji jako proces długofalowy, w którym potencjalny sukcesor powinien sukcesywnie obejmować wszystkie stanowiska w firmie, zanim otrzyma decyzyjność. Przedstawiciele pokolenia millenialsów w ostatnim czasie zaczęli stawiać swoje pierwsze kroki na rynku pracy, a część z nich oswaja się z perspektywą bycia potencjalnym sukcesorem firmy rodzinnej. Informacje na temat ich oczekiwań i obaw związanych z procesem sukcesji są w dużej mierze ograniczone. Istniejąca luka badawcza nadała kierunek do przeprowadzenia jednych z pierwszych tego typu badań jakościowych w celu uzupełnienia dotychczasowej wiedzy o aspekt podejścia do sukcesji nowego pokolenia sukcesorów jakimi, są millenialsi.

Noise pollution is nowadays an environmental burning issue, as well as a social problem. It is reported to be a strong factor influencing people’s health, well-being, as well as productivity, and mental capabilities. The effects noted occur mostly to be of adverse nature, however positive impacts have also been recorded in certain studies. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the subjective perception and declared influence of noise reported by a group of Polish office workers (taking into consideration their declared sensitivity to noise) and to assess its intrusiveness for white-collar work. The methodology is based on the acoustic ecology approach proposed by R. Murray Schafer et al. (1977) that focuses on the subjective testimony given by the subjects. To assess the sensitivity to noise, Weinstein’s Noise Sensitivity Scale is used. It is combined with a series of interviews conducted with a group of Polish office workers. Results of the qualitative research show the subjective impressions of office workers related to noise and sound, their approach to the issue. They also identify the most intrusive noises, the levels of annoyance, and declared physical and mental detriments caused by the sounds.Moreover, the approach toward silence and self-induced sounds is examined, as well as the preferences towards choosing the sonic environment while working