Contrary to the rather commonly held opinion that the understanding of prudence (as a certain virtue) has not changed essentially since the ancient times, it is argued in the paper that there are two not only distinct but also incompatible concepts of prudence: the modern – amoral or nonmoral, and the classical (Aristotelian-Th omist) – strictly moral. Th e claim that these concepts are distinct and incompatible implies that ‘modern prudence’ is not part of ‘classical prudence’ but is essentially diff erent from it: one cannot be prudent in both senses (for instance, part of modern prudence is continence/self-control, whereas classical prudence excludes continence/self-control). Apart from the comparison of both concepts of prudence, the paper also provides an analysis of their relations with the so-called ‘prudential values’ as well as of the causes of the evolution (or rather: revolution) in the understanding of prudence which took place in modern philosophy; It is also argued that within ethics which assumes the classical understanding of prudence there is no place for what Sidgwick called the ‘dualism of practical reason’.

Business plays a dominant role in the development of products and services based on Artifi cial Intelligence (AI). Th e challenge is to ensure that products and services based on AI are ethical. Th e diffi culty in dealing with this task stems from the facts that: a. the process of development is not transparent; b. companies do not always want to take part in discussions on the ethics of artifi cial intelligence and adhere to its results; c. the novelty of the issue causes that the results of these discussions do not arise quickly and are not practical. Th e aim of the article is to indicate the diffi culty of conducting research on the ethics of AI developed by business. Th e article has been synthetically presented in what way business responds to ethical challenges brought about by the phenomenon of development of AI. Th e answer to these challenges was also given by the High-Level Working Group appointed by the European Commission to develop a code of artifi cial intelligence.

The article is a review of issues related to entrepreneurship using artifi cial intelligence. Particular attention was paid to praxiological and ethical aspects deserving the interest of experienced experts in these disciplines. It is encouraged by the European Commission recent publication the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Ai document.

Th e article presents the results of research on proecological behaviors of Polish students. Th e study was conducted in 2016. Th e examined group consisted of 624 students from diff erent faculties and universities. According to the results, everyday proecological behaviors and habits, like duplex photocopying and printing, using energy saving bulbs or reusable shopping bags were relatively popular. More advanced proecological behaviors, like buying ecological products or participation in environmental organizations were much less popular. Th e results of the study show small diff erences in proecological behaviors between sexes and only small correlations between proecological everyday habits and participation in proecological actions.

Th e subject of the article is a refl ection on the phenomenon of the institutionalization of ethics in organizations. Th is process takes various forms, the most popular of which are ethical programs of companies. Th e aim of the article is to confront theoretical assumptions that defi ne patterns of ethical programs with motivations of companies that implement them. An analysis of possible motivations was carried out. Th e assumption was made that the reason for introducing ethical programs determines its detailed solutions and aff ects the effi ciency of its functioning.